Respiratory System

Question 1

Define ventilation

Answer 1

Getting air into and out of the lungs

Question 2

Define External respiration

Answer 2

Gaseous exchange between the lungs and the blood

Question 3

Define Internal respiration

Answer 3

Gaseous exchange between the blood and the cells

Question 4

Define Cellular respiration

Answer 4

Metabolic reactions that take place in a cell to obtain energy from fuels

Question 5

Define Gaseous exchange

Answer 5

the movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

Question 6

Where does Gaseous exchange take place ?

Answer 6

At the alveoli

Question 7

What is the pathway of air ?

Answer 7

Nose/Mouth > Pharynx > Larynx > Trachea > Right/Left Bronchus > Bronchioles > Alveoli

Question 8

What characteristics of the alveoli help with diffusion ?

Answer 8

Large surface area
One cell thick
Good blood supply

Question 9

Define Tidal Volume and how exercise affects it ?

Answer 9

Volume of air breathed in or out during normal breathing
Increases

Question 10

Define Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) and how exercise affects it ?

Answer 10

Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
Decreases

Question 11

Define Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and how exercise affects it ?

Answer 11

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
Slight Decrease

Question 12

Define Residual volume and how exercise affects it ?

Answer 12

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration
Remains the same

Question 13

Define Minute ventilation and how exercise affects it ?

Answer 13

Volume of air breathed in or out per minute
Large increase

Question 14

Define Vital capacity

Answer 14

The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath

Question 15

% of gases inspired at rest

Answer 15

Oxygen = 21
Carbon Dioxide = 0.03
Nitrogen = 79
Water Vapour = Varied

Question 16

% of gases expired at rest

Answer 16

Oxygen = 16.4
Carbon Dioxide = 4.0
Nitrogen = 79.6
Water Vapour = Saturated

Question 17

% of gases expired during exercise

Answer 17

Oxygen = 14
Carbon Dioxide = 6
Nitrogen = 79
Water Vapour = Saturated

Question 18

What are the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveolus ?

Answer 18

O2:
100mm Hg (A) > 40 mm Hg (B)

CO2:
40mm Hg (A) < 46 mm Hg (B)

Question 19

What are the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cell ?

Answer 19

O2:
100mm Hg (B) > 5 mm Hg (C)

CO2:
40mm Hg (B) < 46 mm Hg (C)

Question 20

Define Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 20

Breathing

Question 21

What 3 factors affect regulation of breathing ?

Answer 21

Neural control
Chemical control
Hormonal control

Question 22

How do neural and chemical control affect breathing ?

Answer 22

Increased blood acidity is detected, sends a message to the respiratory centre, brain sends an impulse

Question 23

Where and what is the respiratory centre ?

Answer 23

In the medulla oblongata
Controls rate and depth of breathing
Made up of inspiratory and expiratory centre
Sends an impulse through the phrenic nerve

Question 24

What other factors affect neural control ?

Answer 24

Proprioceptors (↑ Movement = ↑ Breathing)
Baroreceptors (↓ Blood pressure = ↑ Breathing)
Stretch Receptors (Prevents over-inflation of lungs)

Question 25

How does hormonal control affect breathing ?

Answer 25

Adrenaline is transported in blood
Referred to as the body’s activator
Breathing rate increase as an anticipatory rise

Question 26

How does smoking affect the respiratory system ?

Answer 26

Irritation of trachea and bronchi.
Reduces lung function
Swelling and narrowing of the lungs
Damages cilia
Excess mucus build up
Can damage alveoli
Increases risk of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
Reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of blood due to carbon monoxide