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PE - AA > Cardio Vascular System > Flashcards

Cardio Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Define Myogenic

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

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2
Q

Name the order of the pulse through the heart

A

SAN > Atrial Systole > AVN > Bundle of His > Bundle Branches > Purkinje Fibres > Ventricular Systole

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3
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do ?

A

Increase heart rate

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4
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do ?

A

Decrease heart rate

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5
Q

What do Chemoreceptors do and how does this affect heart rate ?

A

Detect the content of carbon dioxide in the blood
↑ CO2 = ↑ Heart Rate

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6
Q

What does the Medula Oblongata do ?

A

It regulates vital processes

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7
Q

What do Baroreceptors do and how does this affect heart rate ?

A

Establish a set point for blood pressure
Any increase or decrease sends a signal to the Medulla Oblongata
↑ Arterial Press = ↓ Heart Rate
↓ Arterial Press = ↑ Heart Rate

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8
Q

What do Proprioceptors do and how does this affect heart rate ?

A

Detect and send information about body movement and position
↑ Movement = ↑ Heart Rate
↓ Movement = ↓ Heart Rate

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9
Q

How do hormones affect heart rate ?

A

Adrenaline – Stress Hormone
Stimulates SAN to increase Heart rate and Strength which causes an increase in Cardiac Output

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10
Q

Define stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped out per beat

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11
Q

Define cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped out per minute

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12
Q

Define ejection fraction

A

Percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat

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13
Q

Define venous return

A

Volume of blood returning to the heart through the veins

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14
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output

A

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

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15
Q

What is Sterling’s Law ?

A

A greater force of contraction means an increase in ejection fraction

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16
Q

Define Bradycardia

A

A resting heart rate of less than 60

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17
Q

What are the benefits of aerobic exercise ?

A

Cardiac hypertrophy
Lower resting heart rate
Larger ventricular cavities
Increased stroke volume and diastolic volume
More oxygen delivered to the muscles
Large increase to Cardiac Output

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18
Q

Define steady state

A

When oxygen demand and supply are equal

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19
Q

What happens during cardiovascular drift ?

A

Progressive decrease in stroke volume and arterial blood pressure
Progressive increase in heart rate to compensate

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20
Q

What are the conditions for cardiovascular drift to occur ?

A

Occurs during prolonged exercise in a warm environment after approximately 10 minutes

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21
Q

What causes cardiovascular drift ?

A

Caused by sweating as a proportion comes from blood plasma supply
Lower plasma volume causes blood to become more viscous

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22
Q

How can cardiovascular drift be prevented

A

Plenty of fluid should be consumed regularly

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23
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit ?

A

Heart > Lung

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24
Q

What is the systemic circuit ?

A

Heart > Body

25
Q

what are the 5 types of blood vessels ?

A

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

26
Q

What happens to blood pressure during exercise ?

A

During exercise systolic pressure increases and diastolic pressure decreases

27
Q

Name the 6 types of venous return

A

Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump
Pocket valves
Gravity
Suction pump
Smooth muscle in wall of veins

28
Q

Explain how the skeletal muscle pump works

A

When muscles contract and relax they change shape therefore pressing on the nearby veins

29
Q

Explain how the respiratory pump works

A

When muscles contract and relax during breathing in and out, pressure changes occur which compress the nearby veins

30
Q

Explain how pocket valves works

A

Important blood in veins only flows in one direction

31
Q

Explain how exercise affects which venous return mechanisms are used

A

Rest - Smooth muscle and valves in veins are enough
Exercise - Need skeletal muscle and respiratory pump to aid return
Post - Still need to maintain these mechanisms

32
Q

What is the impact of pressure on venous return ?

A

Linked very closely to systolic pressure
When systolic pressure increases, venous return also increases

33
Q

What is Coronary heart disease ?

A

When the Coronary arteries become blocked or begin to narrow due to a build up of fatty deposits (Atheroma)
Atherosclerosis

34
Q

What can CHD be caused by ?

A

High blood Pressure
High cholesterol levels
Lack of exercise
Smoking

35
Q

What is Angina ?

A

As coronary arteries become blocked, oxygen cant be delivered to the heart therefore causing pain/discomfort

36
Q

What can CHD lead to ?

A

If a atheroma breaks off it can cause a blood clot which cuts off the oxygen supply to the heart which therefore causes a heart attack

37
Q

What can high blood pressure increase the risk of ?

A

Heart attack
Heart failure
Kidney disease
Stroke
Dementia

38
Q

What is normal blood pressure ?

A

Systolic - less than 120
Diastolic - less than 80

39
Q

What are the 2 types of cholesterol ?

A

LDL (Low density lipoproteins)
HDL (High density lipoproteins)

40
Q

What are the characteristics of LDL ?

A

Transports cholesterol in blood to tissues
Classed as ‘bad’
Linked to increase risk of heart disease

41
Q

What are the characteristics of HDL ?

A

Transports excess cholesterol in the blood to the liver where it is broken down
Classed as ‘good’
Linked to decrease risk of heart disease

42
Q

What is a stroke ?

A

When blood supply to the brain is cut off causing damage to brain cells

43
Q

What can a stroke lead to ?

A

Brain injury
Disability
Death

44
Q

What are the 2 types of strokes and explain them ?

A

Ischaemic - When a blood clot stops the blood supply
Haemorragic - When a weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts

45
Q

What are the symptoms of a stroke ?

A

Face drooping
Arm weakness
Speech difficulties

46
Q

What are the 3 ways blood can be transported around the body ?

A

Plasma
Haemoglobin
Myoglobin

47
Q

How many molecules are on a fully saturated haemoglobin and when does it occur ?

A

4 molecules of oxygen
Occurs when partial pressure of oxygen is high

48
Q

What is oxyhaemoglobin dissociation ?

A

The release of oxygen at tissues/skeletal muscles due to lower partial pressure

49
Q

Where is oxygen stored in the muscles ?

A

In the myoglobin because it has a higher affinity for oxygen

50
Q

What is Bohr shift ?

A

When muscles require more oxygen, the dissociation occurs more readily, causing the graph to shift to the right

51
Q

Causes of Bohr shift

A

Increased blood temperature
Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Lower pH level

52
Q

What is vascular shunting ?

A

The redistribution of cardiac output around the body

53
Q

Key areas of vascular shunting

A

Brain
Heart
Skin

54
Q

What controls the blood pressure and flow ?

A

The vasomotor centre which is located in the medulla oblongata

55
Q

What happens to blood vessels during exercise ?

A

Vasodilation - Widening of the lumen
Vasoconstriction - Narrowing of the lumen

56
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation do to blood vessels ?

A

Vasoconstriction
Reduced blood flow

57
Q

What are pre-capillary sphincters ?

A

Tiny rings of muscle at the opening of capillaries

58
Q

Why is blood redistribution important ?

A

Increased oxygen delivery to active muscles and heart
Remove waste products
Ensure blood goes to skin to cool down

59
Q

What is A-Vo2 diff ?

A

The difference in oxygen content between the arteries and veins at the muscle

PE - AA (8 decks)

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