Respiratory System

Question 1

What is external respiration?

Answer 1

The process in the lungs by which oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the blood within the pulmonary capillaries, and carbon dioxide is excreted.

Question 2

What is internal respiration?

Answer 2

The exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid and cells which surround them.

Question 3

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 3

The process within individual cells through which they gain energy by breaking down molecules such as glucose. It occurs in mitochondria, consumes oxygen and generates carbon dioxide.

Question 4

What is the conducting part of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

A series of cavities and thick-walled tubes which conduct air between the nose and the deepest recesses of the lungs, and in doing so warm, humidity and clean it.

Question 5

What are the conducting zone airways?

Answer 5

• Nasal cavities.
• Pharynx.
• Larynx.
• Trachea.
• Bronchi.
• Bronchioles.

Question 6

What is the respiratory part of the respiratory system?

Answer 6

Comprises the tiny, thin-walled airways where gases are exchanged between air and blood.

Question 7

What are the respiratory zone airways?

Answer 7

• Respiratory bronchioles.
• Alveolar ducts.
• Alveolar sacs.
• Alveoli.

Question 8

What are the requirements for air?

Answer 8

• Needs to be warm (37 degrees).
• Needs to be clean (filtered).
• Needs to be humidified (100% saturated).

Question 9

What is the nasal cavity covered in?

Answer 9

Mucous membrane.

Question 10

What is mucous membrane in the nasal cavity comprised of?

Answer 10

• Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium.
• Goblet cell (mucous cell).

Question 11

What are the 3 structures that stick out in the nasal cavity called?

Answer 11

Concha.

Question 12

What’s the bone underneath the concha called?

Answer 12

Turbinates.

Question 13

What is a mucociliary escalator?

Answer 13

The power stroke it down and whip it back up movement which clears the mucous away.

Question 14

What happens to cilia when you smoke?

Answer 14

They get disorganised, paralysed, and can fall off so you cannot clear your mucous = cough it up.

Question 15

What are the three sections in the pharynx?

Answer 15

1. Nasopharynx.
2. Oropharynx.
3. Laryngopharynx.

Question 15

How is food kept out of the airway while swallowing?

Answer 15

• The soft palate gets pushed and closes the nasopharynx.
• Glottis closes.

Question 15

What does dichotomous branching refer to?

Answer 15

How each tube can only branch twice (from 1 tube to 2).

Question 16

At which branch is infection risk higher and why?

Answer 16

Branch 20-ish. As it’s transitioning from the conducting area to the respiratory area so you’re exposing air to the internal surfaces.

Question 17

What is the only structure that allows air in and out of the lungs?

Answer 17

Trachea.

Question 18

Where is C-shaped ring cartilage located?

Answer 18

Trachea.

Question 19

What is the smooth muscle in the trachea called?

Answer 19

Trachealis.

Question 20

What is in between the rings of cartilage in the trachea?

Answer 20

Connective tissue (provides flexibility).

Question 21

What is the trachea lined with?

Answer 21

• Mucous membrane.
• Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium.
• Goblet cells.
• Mucous glands.

Question 22

What is the wall of the bronchus comprised of?

Answer 22

• Columnar ciliated epithelium.
• Goblet cells.
• Mucous glands.
• Smooth muscle.
• Cartilage plates.

Question 23

What is the wall of the bronchiole comprised of?

Answer 23

• Cuboidal ciliated epithelium.
• Club cells.