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Katie Cytology, Basic Genetics and Histology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the Respiratory System (4)

A
  1. Gas exchange O2 and CO2
    Oxygen is needed for cell respiration
    Carbon Dioxide is a waste product of cell respiration.
    Inhaling creates O2 and we exhale CO2
  2. Warming, cooling and moistening of the air going into our lungs
    e.g cold air may tighten the muscles causing them to constrict also can challenge internal temperature.
  3. Removal of inhales particles (immunity)
    Removal of Larger particles are in the nose
    Smaller particles are removed by using the mucociliary escalator
    Alveola macrophages in the alveoli
  4. Voice production and Olfaction (smell)
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2
Q

Where do we find our immune system in the respiratory tract?

A

In the respiratory tract the tonsils are our immune tissues, tonsils are clusters of white blood cells. We also have white blood cells in the alveoli

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3
Q

Define the mucociliary escalator

A

Goblet cells and cilia in the respiratory tract that help remove particles

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4
Q

What are macrophages

A

White blood cells

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5
Q

What are Alveoli

A

Air sacs in the lungs

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6
Q

Describe the membrane lining the respiratory tract?

A

It is a ciliated epithelial membrane that contains mucous secreting goblet cells

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7
Q

What does the RT Mucous membrane do/

A

Mucus traps inhaled particles and acts as a surfactant it also has antimicrobial properties.

Cilia move the particle-laden mucus towards the Oesophagus where it is either coughed up or swallowed, protecting the lungs from pathogens. This mechanism is called the Mucociliary escalator

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8
Q

What mechanism is the first line of defence in the body?

A

Mucociliary escalator

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9
Q

What is the most common way that the mucociliary escalator is damaged?

A

Smoking and pollutants

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10
Q

What is cell respiration

A

How the we make ATP

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11
Q

Explain external respiration

A

The exchange of gases between the blood and the lungs (air) Pulmonary arteries carry blood around the alveoli.

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12
Q

What is air inhaled and exhaled called?

A

Ventilation

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13
Q

What is a surfactant

A

Lowers the surface area of a liquid, allowing easier spreading

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14
Q

What is celllular respiration

A

It is a metabolic process whereby energy (atp) is obtained by metabolising carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

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15
Q

What is internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between blood and cells.

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16
Q

What do we need to produce aerobic respiration

A

Glucose, amino acids and fatty acids that mix with Oxygen creating lots of ATP

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17
Q

What do we need to produce anaerobic respiration

A

We use glucose we split the glucose up and extract as much ATP as possible.

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18
Q

Define the nasal cavity

A

Nasal cavity is the first contact organ in the respiratory system and conditions air.

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19
Q

What is the structure of the nasal cavity

A

It is an irregular cavity, divided by a septum bordered posteriorly by skull bones. Internally is has 3 nasal concha (turbinites) - these are shelves that increase surface area and trap water during exhalation

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20
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity

A

Filter air - Hairs and cilia trap particles, protect the epithelium cilia beat towards the mough
Nasal concha (turbinites) spin air within the nasal cavity which filters air and encourages particles to become trapped in the mucous.

Warming air - strong vascularity of mucosa

Humidification - air travels over the moist mucosa

Sneezing reflex - in case of mucosal irritation

Olfactory function - Olfactory receptors

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21
Q

Define the paranasal sinuses

A

They are air filled cavities with certain facial and cranial bones.

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22
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses lined with

A

They are lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with the mucosa lining. Secretions drain into the nasal cavity

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23
Q

What is the name of the 4 sinuses

A

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary

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24
Q

What 4 functions do the sinuses perform/

A

Resonance in speech
Lightening of cranial mass
Nasolacrimal ducts drain tears from the eyes (naso lac rimal
Moistening/humidifying the air

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25
Q

Describe the pharynx

A

Is a straight muscular tube that connects the nose and the throat. It is 13cm long and sits anterior to the cervical spine terminating at the larynx

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26
Q

Name the 3 anatomical parts of the Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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27
Q

What does the Pharynx contain

A

Nasopharynx is connected by tubes to the middle ear. These tubes are called Eustachion tubes and allow equalisation of pressure.

They also contain clusters of immune tissue called the adenoids also known as the nasopharyngeal tonsils.

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28
Q

What are the 7 functions of the Pharynx

A

Passageway for food and air
Warming and humidifying
Taste (we use tongue and pharynx)
Hearing
Equalisation of pressure
Immune protection tonsils (nasopharyngeal tonsils)
Speech (resonance)

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29
Q

What thickens and strengthens the vocal cords

A

Testosterone

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30
Q

Define the Larynx

A

The Larynx is the voice box (adams apple) it connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea

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31
Q

What does the larynx consist of

A

Consists of 9 pieces of cartilage (including thyroid cartilage, epiglottis and vocal cords

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32
Q

What are the vocal cords composed of

A

Mucous membrane foldings that are stretched horizontially

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33
Q

Laryngeal muscles attach to the vocal cords and when contracted stretch them. How does our voice differ from relaxed or contracted

A

Relaxed - loose cords - low tone
Contracted - tight cords - High tone

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34
Q

What are the functions of the Larynx

A

Production of sound (vocal cords) and speech (cheeks, lips and tongue)

Protection - the epiglottis closes of the trachea during swallowing and prevents food entering the lungs
Air passageway
Warming and humidifying

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35
Q

Describe the Trachea

A

The Trachea (wind pipe) is roughly 12cm long and made up of incomplete C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.
The incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage are connected by smooth muscle called the trachealis

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36
Q

Why do we have incomplete C shaped rings in our Trachea

A

To ensure we keep the trachea open and never in a situation that we cant get oxygen into our lungs or remove carbon dioxide

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37
Q

What is the smooth muscle called in the trachea

A

Trachealis

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38
Q

What is the sympathetic response and what does it cause in the trachea

A

Fight or flight response, we need more oxygen so we have tracheal dilation

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39
Q

What is the parasympathetic response and what does it cause in the trachea

A

rest and digest - we need less oxygen so we have tracheal constriction

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40
Q

Name 4 functions of the Trachea

A

Airflow - C shaped rings keep the trachea open preventing food going into the lungs.
Mucociliary Escalator - traps inhaled particles and moves them from the respiratory system
Cough reflex
Warming, humidifying and filtering air (its usually warm and humid by this point)

41
Q

What happens in the coughing reflex

A

Epithelial receptors in the respiratory tract are highly sensitive to chemical/mechanical stimuli. The coughing reflex starts when irritation to the mucous membrane occurs.

Stimulates sensitive nerve endings in the larynx, trachea and bronch

A nerve impulse is sent via the vagus nerve to the respiratory center and brain stem

This causes deep inhalation and closure of the glottis and vocal cords the abdominal and respiratory muscles contract causing forced removal or irritation.

42
Q

What does aspirate mean

A

to inhale something

43
Q

What does it mean for something to be innervated by

A

to be stimulated by

44
Q

What does carina mean

A

ridge

45
Q

Describe the Bronchi

A

The Trachea divides into the left and right bronchi at vertebral level T5 and deliver air into the lungs.
The Bronchi contain cartilage rings maintain an open airway. They are lined with ciliated epithelium.
The right bronchi is more vertical, shorter and wider hence an aspirated particle is more likely to enter the right lung

46
Q

What are Bronchi lined with

A

Ciliated epithelium

47
Q

What is the Carina

A

Where the trachea divides into the bronchi an internal ridge called the carina is formed. This is the most sensitive structure in the respiratory system and triggers the cough reflex.

48
Q

What is the most sensitive structure in the respiratory system

A

Carina

49
Q

What are the Bronchioles

A

The Bronchioles are continuations of the Bronchi

50
Q

What is the structure of Bronchioles

A

They have no cartilage in their structure and instead contain smooth muscle. They lead directly to the alveoli where gas exchange happens.

51
Q

What role does the nervous system play in air entry to the bronchi

A

The Sympathetic nervous system stimulates- Bronchodilation thus more air can be taken in.
The parasympathetic nervous system encourages Bronchoconstriction during a restful state.

52
Q

Where to the Broncholies terminate

A

At the Alveolar sacs

53
Q

In Alveoli how are gases exchanged

A

between air and the blood (capillaries and alveoli)

54
Q

Explain how Oxygen moves in gas exchange

A

Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood after breathing in. The blood then becomes oxygenated.

55
Q

Explain how Carbon Dioxide moves in gas exchange

A

Carbon Dioxide moves from the blood after being delivered through the pulmonary artery to the alveoli where it is then exhaled.

56
Q

The movement of gases happens via xxxxxxx

A

Diffusion (down the concentration gradient)

57
Q

Describe type 1 Alveolar cells

A

Simple epithelial cells, which cover 90%

58
Q

Describe type 1 Alveolar cells

A

Simple epithelial cells covering 90% of the surface area of Alveoli. They are very thin to support exchange of gases.

59
Q

Describe type 2 Alveolar cells

A

Alveolar cells secrete a fluid called pulmonary surfactant. This reduces the surface area preventing alveolar collapse. The fluid also allows for gases to move through it.

60
Q

There are 3 types of Alveolar cells, type 1 type 2 and xxxx describe what these cells do

A

Alveolar Macrophages - They are strategically located white blood cells (leukocytes) that engulf and destroy microbes from entering the alveoli.

61
Q

What would happen if we didn’t have pulmonary surfactant?

A

The lungs would not remain inflated and we would struggle to breathe.

62
Q

What does the term gestation mean

A

time when the foetus develops

63
Q

What does pulmonary surfactant do?

A

Keeps alveoli open by reducing the surface tension within the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing and reducing the pressure required to re-inflate them.

64
Q

What is Pulmonary Surfactant made up of?

A

A mixture of lipids and protiens that forms a surface film in Alveoli

65
Q

The protein part of Pulmonary surfactant is xxxxxx and resides in the xxxxx xxxx. Whilst the lipid component is xxxxxx and faces the xxxxx

A

Hydrophillic
Alveolar fluid
Hydrophobic
Air

66
Q

How many weeks gestation is pulmonary surfactant produced

A

Not until 34 weeks.

67
Q

What are the 4 surfaces of the lung

A

Apex (above the clavicle)
Base over the diaphragm
Costal (rib) surface
Medial surface

68
Q

How many lobes do we have in 1. left lung 2. right lung

A

Right lung has 3 left has 2

69
Q

Define the Pluera

A

The pluera are serous membranes that surround the lungs

70
Q

What is the structure of the pleura

A

Contains visceral (inner) and parietal (outer) layer with a pleural cavity inbetween.

The visceral and parietal layer forms a double layer separated by 5-10ml of serous fluid that prevents friction

71
Q

Where do the pleura adhere too and why?

A

They adhere to the lungs so the lungs are sucked to the pleura (passive dilation) which helps expansion of the lungs.

72
Q

What occurs when damage to the pleura allows air into the pleural cavity?

A

Pneumothorax (collapse lung)

73
Q

What is the process of ventilation

A

Process in which O2 and CO2 are transported to and from the lungs.

74
Q

How many breaths per minute in a normal cycle of ventilation

A

12- 15 breaths

75
Q

What are the 2 main phases of ventilation and how long for each?

A

Inspiration/Inhalation 2 secs or Expiration/Exhalation 3 secs followed by a brief pause.

76
Q

What are the 2 areas breathing can come from?
What area is preferred for breathing and why for both?

A

Abdominal (diaphragmatic) breathing - Preferred

Helps in massaging the digestive organs and gut
Better movement of O2 into the lungs
Encouraging return of the blood via the veins
Encourage lymphatic drainage
Stimulates and activates the vagus nerve (part of the parasympathetic nervous system
(rest and digest)
The vagus nerve promotes digestion

Upper rib breathing - generally when people are stressed, muscles in the clavicle, shoulder and upper neck become very fatigued and muscles can shorten.

77
Q

Why is it important to breathe in through your nose?

A

If we don’t use our nose to breathe, air will enter cold and will be unfiltered which can lead to problems deeper in the respiratory tract.

78
Q

What are the 2 primary muscles of ventilation, where are they found and what do they do?

A

Intercostal muscles - Internal and external
Attached between the ribs at right angles
contraction pulls ribs upwards (inhalation) expanding outward and increasing size of rib cage.

Diaphragm - Attached to the lower ribs, sternum and lumbar spine. A domed muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity. Contraction moves the diaphragm into the abdomen and draws air into the lungs.

79
Q

Define secondary muscles of ventilation and where are they mainly found.

A

also called accessory muscles that assist in breathing found mainly in the neck and chest.

80
Q

Give 3 examples of secondary muscles of ventilation?

A

Sternocleidomastiod, Trapezius and the Scalenes

81
Q

What can happen when we use secondary muscles of ventilation

A

These muscles are often over-recruited especially in patients suffering with breathlessness e.g asthmatics the muscles shorten and fatigue.

82
Q

In inspiration/inhalation what is the process?

A

It is an active process requiring muscles. Negative pressure in the thoracic cavity causes air to enter lungs down a pressure gradient

83
Q

In Expiration/exhalation what is the process.

A

It is typically a passive process - the muscles relax and is aided by the elastic recoil of the pluera and the lungs.

84
Q

When can exhalation become active?

A

Should only be active when forceful breathing. If elasticity is lost for example in pulmonary fibrosis exhalation can become active with the recruitment of internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

85
Q

What is our lung volume in litres?

A

6 litres

86
Q

What percentage of lung capacity to we use in tidal volume?

A

10%

87
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Lung capacity at normal volume

88
Q

What individuals tend to have a larger lung volume

A

Men, non smokers, taller individuals and athletes

89
Q

Why does oxygen enter the blood easily

A

It has a strong affinity (attraction) with Haemoglobin oxygen will enter the blood and bind to the haemoglobin molecules

90
Q

What use do we have in the body for nitrogen breathed in through the air

A

Nitrogen doesn’t bind to haemoglobin and it is not used or created by the body.

91
Q

What percentage of oxygen to we inspire and expire

A

Inspire - 21%
Expire - 16%

92
Q

What percentage of nitrogen to we inspire and expire

A

inspire 78%
Expire 78%

93
Q

What percentage of Carbon Dioxide to we inspire and expire

A

Inspire - 0.04%
Expire - 4%

94
Q

Explain Haemoglobin

A

A pigment that binds oxygen using a mineral called Iron

95
Q

What is it called when plenty of Oxygen is bound to Haemoglobin

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

96
Q

What is the name given to when Haemoglobin lacks Oxygen

A

Deoxyhaemoglobin

97
Q

What percentage of Oxygen is transported by Haemoglobin in red blood cells

A

98.5%

98
Q

How many molecules of Oxygen can one blood cell carry

A

1 billion molecules of Oxygen

99
Q

What happens to the 1.5% of oxygen that isn’t transported by Haemoglobin.

A

It is dissolved in the plasma and transported

Katie Cytology, Basic Genetics and Histology (5 decks)

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