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Human Structure & Function II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Which are the organs of the respiratory system?

A

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs (alveoli)

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2
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Alveoli of the lungs

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3
Q

Which passageways are included in the upper respiratory?

A

Passageways from the nose to the larynx

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4
Q

Which passageways are included in the lower respiratory?

A

Passageways from the trachea to the alveoli

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5
Q

What is the function of the passageways to the lungs?

A

To purify, humidify and warm incoming air.

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6
Q

What divides the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal septum

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7
Q

What kind of receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface?

A

Olfactory

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8
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory mucosa?

A

To moisten the air,
To trap incoming foreign particles,
To destroy bacteria chemically (enzymes)

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9
Q

What are the functions of the conchae?

A

To increase surface
To increase air turbulence
To increase trapping of inhaled particles.

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10
Q

What does the palate divide into?

A

The hard and soft palate

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11
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary.

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12
Q

What are the functions of the sinuses?

A

Lighten the skull, act as resonance chambers for speech, produce mucus.

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13
Q

What are the regions the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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14
Q

What is the function of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

To serve as passageways for air and food

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15
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

To route air and food into proper channels,
To play a role in speech

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16
Q

What is the larynx made out of?

A

Eight rigid hyaline cartilages

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17
Q

Which is the biggest hyaline cartilage found in the larynx?

A

The thyroid cartilage

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18
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

To protect superior opening of the larynx,
To route food to esophagus and air to the trachea.

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19
Q

What happens to the epiglottis while swallowing?

A

Epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx.

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20
Q

Why should you not talk and swallow simultaneously?

A

Food particles can pass to the trachea and cause chocking

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21
Q

Where are the vocal cords located?

A

The glottis

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22
Q

What are the functions of the trachea?

A

Vibrate with expelled air and allow us to speak

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23
Q

What keeps the trachea patent?

A

The C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

What is the lining of the trachea?

A

Ciliated mucosa

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25
Why is the trachea ciliated?
They move in the opposite direction to expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from the lungs
26
Where does each bronchus enter the lung?
At the hilum
27
Which bronchus is wider and shorter?
The right
28
Why is the right bronchus shorter and wider?
There is less distance for it to travel to enter the lung since there are three lobes while the left only has two.
29
How many lobes are there in each lung?
Left lung - 2 lobes Right lung - 3 lobes
30
What covers the surface of the lungs?
Serosa
31
What are the two different kinds of pleura?
Pulmonary (visceral) pleura: covers the lungs Parietal pleura: lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
32
What fluid fills up the area between the layers?
Pleural fluid
33
What are the functions of the pleural fluid?
To allow lungs to glide over thorax To reduce friction during breathing
34
What are the different zone structures?
Respiratory and conducting
35
Where does gas exchange take place?
Respiratory zone only in the alveoli
36
What does the respiratory zone include?
Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli
37
What does the conducting zone include?
Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles
38
What kind of cells are alveoli made of?
Simple squamous epithelial
39
What covers the external surface of alveoli?
Pulmonary capillaries
40
What are alveolar macrophages?
Dust cells, add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris.
41
What is a surfactant?
A lipid molecule that coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces. It is secreted by cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells. Keeps air sacs from collapsing
42
What causes RDF?
Insufficient volume of surfactant in the lungs.
43
What are the four events of respiration?
Pulmonary ventilation: air moving in & out of the lungs External respiration: gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli Respiratory Gas Transport: transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissue cells
44
What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?
Inspiration & Expiration
45
What happens during inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract Intrapulmonary volume increases Gas pressure decreases
46
When does inspiration stop?
When intrapulmonary pressure = atmospheric pressure
47
What happens during expiration?
Intrapulmonary volume decreases Gas pressure increases Contraction of internal intercostal muscles
48
What is atmospheric pressure?
Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
49
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
Pressure in alveoli
50
What is intrapleural pressure?
Pressure in the pleural cavity Always negative Two inward forces promote lung collapse and one outward force enlarge lungs
51
What happens if intrapleural = atmospheric
Lungs will collapse
52
What is transpulmonary pressure?
Intrapulmonary pressure - intrapleural
53
What is the relationship between transpulmonary pressure and lung size?
The higher the transpulmonary pressure the larger the lungs.
54
When will lungs collapse?
If P(ip) = P(pul) P(ip) = P(ap) Positive P(ip)
55
Which factors influence pulmonary ventilation?
Airway Resistance Alveolar Surface Tension Lung Compliance
56
What is lung compliance?
The measure of change in lung volume that occurs with the change in transpulmonary measure.
57
Why is lung compliance normally high?
Distensibility of lung tissue Surfactant
58
What causes diminishment of lung compliance?
Nonelastic scar tissue Reduced production of surfactant Decreased flexibility of thoracic cage
59
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Amount if air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume. Usually around 3100 ml
60
What is the expiratory reserve volume?
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration. Approximately 1200ml
61
What is residual volume?
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after expiration, cannot be voluntarily exhaled. About 1200ml
62
What is the function of the residual volume?
To allow gas exchange to continue, even between breaths.
63
What is vital capacity?
The total amount of exchangeable air Vital Capacity = Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume
64
What is tidal volume?
The normal quiet breathing
65
What is the dead space volume?
The air which remains in the conducting zone and never reaches the alveoli. Around 150ml
66
What is the functional volume?
Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone. Around 350ml
67
Equations:
Inspiratory = TV + IRV Functional Residual Capacity = RV + ERV Vital Capacity = TV + IRV + ERV Total Lung Capacity = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
68
What are the three kinds of dead spaces?
Anatomical: does not contribute to gas exchange Alveolar: space occupied by nonfunctional alveoli Total: sum of anatomical and alveolar
69
What is the function of a spirometry test?
Can distinguish between Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Restrictive Disease
70
What is minute ventilation?
The total amount of gas that flows into or out of the respiratory tract in 1 minute. Normal at rest: 6L/min Normal with exercise: 200L/min
71
What are non-respiratory air movements?
Processes that can move air into and out of the lungs besides breathing and modify normal respiratory rhythm.
72
What are some examples of non-respiratory air movements?
Cough, sneeze, yawn, crying, laughing, and hiccups.
73
What is external respiration?
Exchange of gases occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary blood
74
What is internal respiration?
Exchange of gases occurring between the tissue cells and blood.
75
What is external respiration influenced by?
Thickness and surface area of the respiratory membrane Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities Ventilation-perfusion coupling
76
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?
Amount of gas exchange based on the blood volume. How much blood goes into each alveolus based on its size.
77
What happens during external respiration?
HCO3- moves into RBCs, while Cl- moves out, HCO3- binds with H+ to form H2CO3 H2CO3 splits by carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and H2O Carbonic acid splits to form H2O and CO2 Venous blood --> PCo2 = 45mmHg Alveolar = PCO2 = 40mmHg
78
What happens during internal respiration?
Oxygen moves from blood to tissues Carbon dioxide moves from tissues into the blood. Partial pressure and diffusion gradients reverse compared to external.
79
What happens in internal respiration?
CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid which quickly dissociates HCO3- quickly diffuses from RBCs into plasma Chloride shifts Venous --> PO2 = 40mmHg and PCO2 = 45mmHg
80
How is O2 transported in the blood?
1.5% dissolved in plasma 98.5% loosely bound to each Fe of haemoglobin
81
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
7 to 10% in the plasma 20% bound to haemoglobin 70% transported as bicarbonate ions
82
What is the shape of the oxygen - haemoglobin curve?
S-shaped because of the binding and release of O2, influenced by PO2
83
What is the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation like in arterial blood?
Po2 = 100mmHg Contains 20ml of oxygen per 100ml of blood Hb is 98% saturated
84
What is the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation like in venous blood?
Po2 = 40mmHg Contains 15% oxygen volume Hb is 75% saturated
85
What is venous reserve?
Oxygen remaining in venous blood
86
What factors influence hemoglobin saturation to shift to the right?
Increase in: Temperature, H+, PCo2 + and BPG Low pH The curve shifts to the right, Oxygen has a lower affinity, Dissociates faster Occurs in systematic capillaries
87
What factors influence hemoglobin saturation to shift to the left?
Decrease in: Temperature, H+, PCo2, and BPG High pH
88
Influence of carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system to blood.
If H+ concentration in blood rises, excess H+ is removed by combining with HCO3- to make H2Co3 If H+ concentration begins to drop, H+ is released from H2CO3 HCO3 - is reserve alkaline
89
What are the changes in respiratory rate and depth that affect blood pH?
Slow shallow breathing --> increased CO2 --> drop in pH Rapid deep breathing --> decrease in CO2 --> higher pH
90
Which nerves control the respiratory muscles?
Phrenic and Intercostal nerves
91
Where are the neural centers that control rate and depth located?
Medulla: sets basic rhythm of breathing, contains pacemaker Pons: smoothes out respiratory breathing
92
What is the normal respiratory rate?
12 to 15 breaths per minute
93
What is hyperpnea?
Increased respiratory rate, due to extra oxygen needs (exercise etc.)
94
What are the non-neural factors that affect respiratory rate and depth?
Physical factors: increased body temperature, exercise, talking, coughing Emotional factors; fear, anger, and excitement Chemical factors: CO2 levels Increased levels of CO2 in the blood increase the heart rate and depth of breathing, changes in CO2 act directly on the medulla oblongata. Chemical factors: O2 levels Detected by chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery, information sent to the medulla, a stimulus for individuals whose systems have become accustomed to high levels of CO2
95
What is hyperventilation?
Rising levels of CO2 in the blood, Exhale more CO2 to elevate blood pH May result in apnea and dizziness and lead to alkolysis
96
What is hypoventilation?
Results when the blood is alkaline Extremely slow or shallow breathing Allows Co2 to accumulate in the blood in order to decrease the pH
97
What are the examples of respiratory diseases?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema Asthma
98
How does the respiratory rate change throughout life?
Newborns: 40 to 80 breaths per minute Infants: 30 breaths per minute Early Childhood: 25 breaths per minute Adults: 12 to 18 breaths per minute
99
What is hypoxia?
Low oxygenation, inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues --> cyanosis
100
What are the different kinds of hypoxia?
Anemic: too few RBCs; abnormal to very low Hb Ischemic: impaired/blocked circulation Historic: cells unable to use O2 Hypoxemic: abnormal ventilation; pulmonary disease Carbon monoxide poisoning: especially from fire; 200x greater affinity of hb than oxygen

Human Structure & Function II (9 decks)

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