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JH4 Biology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need the respiratory system?

A
  • Majority of cells in our body are too far from the body surface for gas exchange through diffusion alone
  • Respiratory system allows for efficient gas exchange through large surface area to volume ratio and breathing mechanism
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2
Q

What are the parts of the Conducting Zone?

A
  • Trachea with ciliated lumen consisting of goblet cells and ciliated cells
  • Bronchi (singular bronchus)
  • Bronchioles
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3
Q

What is the role of C-shaped rings of cartilage in the Trachea?

A

Provide structural support to the trachea to keep the lumen open.

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4
Q

What is the role of the ciliated epithelium in the Lumen of the Trachea?

A
  • Goblet cells secrete mucus to trap dust particles and bacteria
  • Ciliated cells have hair - like structures to sweep dust trapped mucus up trachea
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5
Q

Purpose of the adaptation of numerous alveoli?

A

Increased surface area for higher rate of gaseous exchange

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6
Q

Purpose of adaptation of a dense network of capillaries surrounding the alveolus?

A

Maintains large concentration gradient of gases to allow more rapid diffusion of gases between bloodstream and alveolus

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7
Q

Purpose of the adaptation of air sacs inside the alveolus?

A

Increase surface area of alveolus, higher rate of gaseous exchange

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8
Q

Purpose of adaptation of one cell thick alveolar wall?

A

Shorter diffusion distance to allow for faster diffusion of gases through the alveolar wall

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9
Q

Purpose of adaptation of thin layer of moisture on alveoli wall?

A

Allow for gases to dissolve into and out of the blood capillaries

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10
Q

Purpose of adaption of lung surfactant produced by specialised cells

A

Keeps alveoli open by reducing surface tension of moist layer

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11
Q

Direction of blood flow and gaseous exchange in the alveolus?

A
  • Blood from heart carries CO2 to diffuse into alveolus
  • O2 in alveolus diffuses into the blood
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12
Q

How is CO2 transported in the plasma route?

A
  1. CO2 produced by body tissues diffuses into the plasma
  2. It is transported to the alveoli where it diffuses into the alveoli for exhalation
    (7% of CO2)
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13
Q

How is CO2 transported in the haemoglobin route?

A
  1. CO2 produced by body tissues diffuses into the red blood cells
  2. CO2 binds to haemoglobin, changing the conformation of haemoglobin and decreasing its affinity for oxygen
  3. CO2 is transported as carbaminohaemoglobin
  4. CO2 unbinds at the red blood cells in the lungs and diffuses into the alveoli for exhalation
    (23% of CO2)
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14
Q

How is CO2 transported in the carbonic acid route?

A
  1. CO2 produced by body tissues diffuses into the red blood cells
  2. CO2 reacts with water forming carbonic acid (H2CO3), catalysed by carbonic anhydrase
  3. Carbonic acid dissociates into HCO3- (Bicarbonate) and H+ ions
  4. These are transported in the bloodstream to the lungs
  5. Bicarbonate diffuses into the red blood cells
  6. H+ combines with HCO3- (Bicarbonate) at the lungs, forming carbonic acid
  7. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is converted back to CO2 and water, catalysed by carbonic anhydrase
  8. CO2 diffuses into the alveoli for exhalation
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15
Q

Parts of the breathing mechanism

A
  • Rib bones attached to back bone, can move up and down
  • Intercostal muscles
  • Diaphragm, sheet of muscle
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16
Q

How does breathing mechanism work?

A
  • Volume and pressure are inversely proportional
  • Volume of thoracic cavity (lungs) increases -> pressure in the thoracic cavity (lungs) decreases
  • Due to pressure difference surrounding air moves into the lungs until atmospheric pressure is reached
17
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A
  • Diaphragm flattens downwards as it contracts, increasing lung volume
  • External intercostal muscles contract, ribcage swings upwards and outwards
  • High lung volume -> Low pressure -> Air enters lungs via pressure difference
18
Q

What happens during passive exhalation?

A
  • Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relaxes
  • Diaphragm thus arches upwards -> decreasing lung volume
  • Lung volume decreases -> Lung pressure increases
  • Air moves out of the lungs
19
Q

What happens during active exhalation?

A

During Exercise/Airway obstruction/Forced exhalation
- Internal Intercostal muscles contract -> pushing rib cage downwards and inwards
- Andominal muscles contract -> Diaphragm arches upwards
- Lung volume decreases -> pressure increases
- Air moves out of the lungs

20
Q

What are the effects of Nicotine?

A
  • Increase risk of clots and plaque -> Increase risk of coronary heart disease
  • Increase blood pressure and heart rate
21
Q

What are the effects of Tar?

A
  • Carcinogenic -> Cancer
  • Paralyses Cilia Lining
  • Produces excess mucus
  • Blocks Alveoli
  • Bronchi Inflammation
22
Q

What are the effects of Carbon Monoxide?

A
  • Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin due to its higher binding affinity then oxygen -> Reduced efficiency of gaseous oxygen
  • Fatty deposits in arteries-> Narrower lumen of artery -> increased risk of coronary heart disease
23
Q

What are the effects of Chronic Bronchitis?

A
  • Long term inflammation of epithelium lining of bronchi due to prolonged exposure to irritants
  • Results in increased mucus production and paralysis of cilia -> Mucus and dust cannot be removed
  • Airways become blocked -> difficulties breathing, persistent coughing and risks of lung infection
24
Q

What are the effects of Emphysema?

A
  • Persistent and forceful coughing that damages the partition walls in the alveoli
  • Decreased surface area for gas exchange -> Less oxygen diffuses into blood stream with each breath
  • Chemicals in tobacco -> trigger immune response which destroys lung tissue
25
Q

What are the effects of tobacco irritants?

A
  • Paralyses the cilia
  • Inability to remove trapped dust -> shortness of breath
26
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

JH4 Biology (10 decks)

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