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JH4 Biology > Execretory System > Flashcards

Execretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the execretory system?

A
  • To remove toxic materials and metabolic waste products from the body
  • These can be harmful if accumulated in the body
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2
Q

What are the parts of the execretory system?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Renal Pelvis
  • Ureter
  • Bladder
  • Prostate (Males)/ Uterus (Female)
  • Urethra
  • Penis (Males)
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3
Q

What are the areas of the kidney?

A
  • Renal Cortex (Outer)
  • Renal Medulla (Inner)
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4
Q

What is the pathway of excretion in the nephron?

A

Bowmans Capsule -> Glomerulus -> Proximal Convoluted Tubule -> Loop of Henle -> Distal convoluted tubule -> Collecting Duct -> Renal Pelvis -> Ureter -> Bladder -> Urethra

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5
Q

What parts of the excretion pathway are located in the Renal Medulla?

A

Loop of Henle and Collecting Duct

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6
Q

What is the circulatory pathway in the nephron?

A

(From Heart) Renal Artery -> Afferent arteriole -> Glomerulus -> Efferent arteriole -> Peritubular Capillaries OR Vasa Recta -> Renal Vein (Back to Heart)

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7
Q

What part of the execretion pathway does the peritubular capillary surround?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule and Distal Convoluted Tubule in the Renal Cortex

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8
Q

What is the process of ultrafiltration?

A
  • Removal of small solutes and water from the blood to form the glomerular filtrate in Bowmans Capsule
  • Platelets, Proteins and Blood cells are not allowed through the filter barrier
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9
Q

What adaptations does the glomerulus capillaries have for ultrafiltration?

A
  1. Fenestrated (pores) walls of glomerular endothelial cells -> Prevents large substances being filtered, allows small solutes
  2. Glomerulus is enveloped by Basement Membrane -> Prevents large substances being filtered, allows small solutes
  3. Afferent arteriole has larger lumen diameter than efferent arteriole -> Maintains hydrostatic pressure to force solutes through filtration barrier
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10
Q

What adaptations does the podecytes have for ultrafiltration?

A

Each podecyte contains footlike processes called pedicels which wrap around the glomerulus

  1. The space between the interlocked pedicels is called filtration slit
  2. Slit membrane extends across filtration slit -> prevents filtration of large substances and allows small solutes to be filtered
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11
Q

What solutes form the filtrate in ultrafiltration?

A

Water, glucose, ions, ammonia, urea and other small solutes form the filtrate

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12
Q

What additional adaptations does the glomerulus have?

A
  1. Highly branched glomerulus to maximise surface area for filtration
  2. One cell thick walls for shorter diffusion distance, forcing filtrate through glomerulus at faster rate
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13
Q

What is the process of selective reabsorption?

A
  • Reabsorbing what is useful to our bodies into the bloodstream while leaving the toxins and waste in the filtrate
  • This is facilitated by membrane transport proteins on the nephron epithelium
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14
Q

What is the first location of selective reabsorption?

A
  • From the PCT to the peritubular capillary
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15
Q

What are the adaptations of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?

A

The epithelial cells are adapted with microvilli and mitochondria -> facilitate active transport and cotransport

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16
Q

What is the second location of selective reabsorption?

A

At the Loop of Henle, consisting of a descending limb and an ascending thick and thin limb
From Loop of Henle into the Vasa Recta

17
Q

What is the third location of selective reabsorption?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubules -> Peritubular Capillary OR Collecting Duct -> Vasa Recta

18
Q

What is Blood Osmorality?

A

The total concentration of solutes in the blood plasma. (Increase in solute concentration -> increase in blood osmorality)

19
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A
  • Regulation of blood osmorality -> release of Antidiuretic Hormones (ADH) -> regulates the number of aquaporin in Collecting Ducts and DCT
  • Secreted by posterior pituitary gland
20
Q

Outline the osmoregulation process during dehydration

A
  1. High blood osmorality due to dehydration detected by osmoreceptors
  2. More ADH secreted by posterior pituitary gland
  3. More Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) results in more aquaporins inserted into walls of collecting ducts
  4. Increased permeability to water
  5. More water reabsorbed back into bloodstream from filtrate
  6. Results in smaller volume of concentrated urine
  7. Stimulates the thirst centre
  8. Blood osmorality returns to set norm via negative feedback
21
Q

What occurs at the descending limb of Loop of Henle?

A

Descending limb is permeable to water but not solutes -> Water moves into Vasa Recta via osmosis

22
Q

What occurs at the ascending limb of loop of Henle?

A

At ascending limb
- Permeable to solutes but not water
- Solutes move via facilitated diffusion, active transport and cotransport into medulla interstitial fluid (Mostly ions)
- Solute build up in interstitial fluid increases solute concentration in medulla -> creates gradient for osmosis

23
Q

What occurs at the DCT/Collecting Ducts during selective reasborption?

A
  • Reabsorption here is to fine tune for homeostasis
  • Reabsorption of water via osmosis
  • Reabsorption of solutes via active transport or cotransport
24
Q

What are the parts of the Renal Corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus and Bowmans Capsule

25
Q

What are the parts of the Renal Tubule?

A
  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule
26
Q

Outline the osmoregulation process during overhydration

A
  1. Low blood osmorality due to dehydration detected by osmoreceptors (stimulus)
  2. Less Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)secreted by posterior pituitary gland
  3. Less ADH results in more aquaporins inserted into walls of collecting ducts and DCT
  4. Decreased permeability to water
  5. Less water reabsorbed back into bloodstream from filtrate
  6. Results in larger volume of dilute urine (Urine less concentrated yellow)
  7. Less thirst
  8. Blood osmorality returns to set norm via negative feedback
27
Q

What are the main causes of kidney failure?

A

Diabetes and High blood pressure

28
Q

What are the effects of kidney failure?

A

Patients are unable to remove toxins and waste from the body -> fatal if left untreated

29
Q

What are the solutions for kidney failure?

A
  • Kidney Transplant
  • Haemodialysis
  • Peritoneal Dialysis
30
Q

Outline the process of Haemodialysis

A
  1. Blood is drawn from an artery in the patients arm
  2. Blood flows through the tubing made of selectively permeable membrane
  3. Waste products and excess water and salts will diffuse out of tubing into dialysis fluid
  4. Useful substances will not diffuse out due to equal concentration in dialysis fluid and blood
  5. Blood cells and large molecules too large to pass through membrane, remain in blood
  6. Blood then returns to the patients arm
31
Q

Adaptations of Haemodialysis

A
  1. Tubing bathed in dialysis fluid containing essential substances such as glucose and ions -> ensure essential substances are not filtered out
  2. Tubing is long, narrow and coiled -> increasing surface area to volume ratio -> speed up rate of transport
  3. Direction of blood flow is opposite to flow of dialysis fluid -> maintain concentration gradient
32
Q

What occurs at the PCT?

A

At the proximal convoluted tubule
- Most solutes such as all glucose, amino acids absorbed
- Solutes are reabsorbed by active transport, cotransport and facilitated diffusion
- Water is reabsorbed via osmosis

JH4 Biology (10 decks)

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