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JH4 Biology > Human Reproductive System > Flashcards

Human Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of Penis

A

Spongy erectile tissue

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2
Q

Strcture & Function of Testes

A
  • Made up of lobules with seminiferous tubules -> Produces sperms
  • Produces testosterone
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3
Q

Pathway from testes to ejaculation

A

Testes -> Epididymis -> Vas Deferens -> Ejaculatory Duct & Seminal Vesicle -> Prostate & Cowpers Gland -> Uretha

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4
Q

Structure of epididymis

A

Highly coiled tubules
Sperms complete maturation and become motile

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5
Q

Function of Seminal Vesicle

A
  • Fluids contains fructose -> provides energy to increase sperm mobile
  • Alkaline fluid -> neutralises acidic vagina environment
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6
Q

Function of Prostate Gland

A
  • Alkaline fluid -> neutralise acidity of female reproductive tract
  • Enzymes -> increases sperm mobility
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7
Q

What happens during erection?

A
  • During sexual arousal -> nerve impulses transmitted from brain to penis arterioles
  • Arterioles dilate -> spongy erectile tissue filled with blood
  • Swelling of penis squeezes off veins that drain blood -> erectile tissues become engorged with blood -> erection
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8
Q

Function of Ovaries

A
  • Produces follicles
  • Produces hormones oestrogen and progesterone
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9
Q

Structure & Functions of Oviducts

A
  • Ciliated epithelial lining and feathry fimbriae -> draws in egg from ovary
  • Fertilisation occurs here -> Cilia movement and contraction of muscles move fertilised egg to uterus
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10
Q

Structure & Function of Uterus

A
  • Endometrium (Inner vascularised wall) -> Implantation of Embryo
  • Myometrium (Outer contracting wall) -> push out foetus during labour
  • Accomodates growth of baby
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11
Q

Function of Cervix

A
  • Controls opening of the uterus
  • Dilates during labour
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12
Q

Function of Vagina

A

Vagina
- Site of insertion of penis
- Birth canal

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13
Q

What are the concurrent cycles and phases of menstrual cycle

A

Ovarian Cycle -> Follicular Phase (Day 1-14) and Luteal Phase (Day 15-28)

Uterine Cycle -> Menstruation Flow Phase (Day 1-5), Proliferative Phase (Day 6-14) and Secretory Phase (Day 15-28)

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14
Q

Describe the Follicular Phase of the Ovarian Cycle (Day 1-14)

A
  1. Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) released from hypothalamus
  2. Stimulates anterior pituitary gland to secrete small amounts of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH)
  3. FSH stimulates growth of primary follicles, one will become a Graafian follicle
  4. FSH and LH stimulate follicles to produce oestrogen -> low levels of oestrogen at first inhibit FSH and LH by negative feedback
  5. Accumulation and steep rise of oestrogen -> surge in FSH and LH through positive feedback -> Surge in LH -> Triggers ovulation on Day 14
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15
Q

Describe the Luteal Phase of the Ovarian Cycle (Day 14 - Day 28)

A
  1. LH stimulates cells of ruptured Graafian follicle to form corpus luteum
  2. Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and oestrogen -> both hormones together inhibit FSH and LH by negative feedback
  3. If no fertilisation -> constant low levels of LH cause corpus luteum to disintegrate -> progesterone and oestrogen levels fall
  4. New ovarian Cycle begins
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16
Q

Describe the menstrual flow phase of the uterine cycle (Day 1 - Day 5)

A
  1. Arteries in endometrium constrict due to fall in oestrogen and progesterone
  2. Endometrial tissues deprived of circulation -> begin to disintegrate
  3. Shedding of endometrial tissues along with blood
  4. New follicles begin to grow
17
Q

Describe the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle (Day 5 - 14)

A
  1. Oestrogen secreted by follicles promotes repair of endometrium -> endometirum thickens and becomes vascularised
18
Q

Describe the secretory phase of the uterine cycle (Day 14 - Day 28)

A
  1. Progesterone and oestrogen stimulate maintenance of endometrium -> prepares uterus for possible implantation of egg
  2. Corpus luteum breaks down -> oestrogen and progesterone levels fall -> endometrium breaks down
  3. Menstruation begins
19
Q

What is the role of Gonadotrophin Releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A
  • Secreted by hypothalamus
  • Stimulates secretion of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary gland
20
Q

What is the role of Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • Secreted by anterior pituitary gland
  • Stimulates development of follicles
  • Stimulates secretion of oestrogen from developing follicles
21
Q

What is the role of Lutenising Hormone (LH)?

A
  • Secreted by anterior pituitary gland
  • Triggers Ovulation
  • Causes formation of Corpus Luteum
  • Stimulates secretion of oestrogen from developing follicles
22
Q

What is the role of oestrogen?

A
  • Secreted by developing primary follicles and corpus luteum
  • Promotes growth and repair of uterine lining , allowing it to be thick and spongy with blood vessels
  • With progesterone, inhibits FSH production -> prevents ripening and growth of additional follicles
23
Q

What is the role of Progesterone?

A
  • Secreted by corpus luteum
  • Maintains thick uterine lining and well vascularised -> for implementation of embryo
  • Inhibits production of FSH and LH
24
Q

What is the structure of the sperm?

A
  • Head, middle piece and tail
  • Head -> dense nucleus, haploid chromosomes
  • Tip of head -> Acrosome, huge lysosome with hydrolytic enzymes to breakdown zona pelludica
  • Middle piece -> mitchondria generates energy for sperm to swim
25
Q

What is the structure of the egg?

A
  • Contains haploid chromosomes
  • Outer membrane -> zona pelludica (glycoprotein jelly coat)
  • Inner membrane -> corona radiata (follicle cells)
26
Q

Outline the process of Fertilisation

A
  1. Sperm cells deposited in vagina
  2. Swim from vagina -> cervix -> uterus -> oviduct (Aided by muscular contraction of uterus and oviduct)
  3. Moves through follicle cells of corona radiata -> reaches zona pelludica
  4. Contact with zona pelludica releases hydrolytic enzymes from acrosome -> breaks down zona pellucida
  5. Sperm enters nucleus
  6. Fuses with haploid egg gamete to form zygote
  7. Egg releases substances to alter zona pelludica -> impenetratable to other sperms
27
Q

Outline the implantation of zygote in uterus

A
  1. Zygote formed moves towards uterus -> movement of cilia lining oviduct and contraction of oviduct muscles
  2. Divides repeatedly by mitosis to form blastocyst (ball of cells)
  3. Blastocyst undergoes implantation -> embeds in endometrium
28
Q

Outline the development of placenta of the foetus

A
  1. Villi containing blood capillaries of embryo grow from outer blastocyst epithelium
  2. Release hydrolyctic enzymes which break down endometrium capillaries -> maternal blood fills space
  3. Forms placenta containing capillaries surrounded by maternal blood spaces
  4. Maternal blood seperated from foetal capillaries by thin tissue layer -> allows for diffusion of substances
29
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A
  1. Seperate foetal blood system from mothers blood system
  2. Allow exchange of substances between mother and foetus
  3. Produces Hormones progesterone and oestrogen
30
Q

Why must foetal blood and mothers blood be seperated

A
  1. Blood pressure of mother much higher -> can kill foetus
  2. Blood group of mother could be different -> mothers antibodies cause agglutination of foetus blood cells
31
Q

What substances does the placenta transport?

A
  1. Diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from mother to foetus
  2. Removal of metabolic waste products from foetus blood to mothers blood
  3. Diffusion of antibodies from mothers blood to foetus blood -> confer foetus with immunity
32
Q

Why does the placenta produce progesterone and oestrogen?

A
  • Progesterone and oestrogen -> Prevents ovulation and menstruation AND maintains vascularised uterine lining
33
Q

Reproduction by mitosis

A

Asexual
- By Mitosis
- Genetically identical offspring
- Allows for well adapted organisms to produce similarly well adapted offspring -> maintains survivability

34
Q

Reproduction by gametes

A
  • Union/Fusing of two haploid gametes -> form a single diploid zygote
  • Offspring have genetic variation -> some have better survivability
35
Q

What does the placenta foetal capillaries consist of?

A
  1. Two umblical arteries and one umblical vein circulates blood from placenta to foetus
  2. Umblical arteries -> transports deoxygenated blood and metabolic waste products from foetus to placenta
  3. Umblical vein -> transports oxygenated blood and nutrients from placenta to foetus

JH4 Biology (10 decks)

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