Respiratory system Flashcards
state the functions of the respiratory system
1.Gas exchange
2.Speech
3.Smell
4. Helps controls pH of body
5.Aids in regulation of blood pressure
6. Pressure for flow of lymph fluid and venous blood
7. Expulsion of abdominal contents
name and describe the organs of this system
1.Nose
2.Pharynx
3.Larynx
4.Trachea
5.Bronchi
6.Bronchioles
7.Lungs
trace the flow of air from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli.
Nose > Nasal Cavity > Pharynx > Larynx > Trachea > Carina > Primary Bronchus > Secondary Bronchus > Terminal Bronchus > Respiratory Bronchioles > Alveoli
relate the function of any portion of the respiratory tract to its gross and microscopic
anatomy
Trachea: rigid tube, highly organized hyaline cartilage, incomplete rings to allow oesophagus to expand when eating - mucociliary elevator (ciliated until terminal bronchioles)
name the muscles of respiration and describe their roles in breathing
INSIPRATION:
-diaphragm (contracts to flat shape)
-external intercostals
FORCED EXPIRATION:
-rectus abdominus
-internal intercostals
RELAXED EXPIRATION:
-elastic recoil, No Muscles Used
describe the brainstem centers that control breathing and the inputs they receive from other levels of the nervous system.
RETICULAR FORMATION OF MEDULLA OBLONGATA/PONS
-two sides communicate so that the lungs contract symmetrically
-ventral respiratory group
-dorsal respiratory group
-pontine respiratory group
Tital volume
volume of air moved between one normal inhalation and one normal exhalation.
explain how pressure gradients account for the flow of air in and out of the lungs, and how those gradients are produced.
F is related to the change in pressure over resistance
Changing volume creates a pressure gradient
Inter-pulmonary pressure falls with more volume rises with less volume
identify the sources of resistance to airflow and discuss their relevance to respiration.
-diameter of bronchioles
-pulmonary compliance
-surface tension of alveoli
explain the significance of anatomical dead space to alveolar ventilation
Space that is filled with air that cannot exchange with the blood, that is the trachea, nose, mouth etc. its is important to deduct this amount when calculating alveolar ventilation rate
define the clinical measurements of pulmonary volume and capacity
Tidal volume - air in/out normal breath
IRV - inspiratory reserve volume, max inward breath
ERV - expiratory reserve volume, mac outward breath
Residual volume - what cannot be expelled
Vital capacity - air inhaled/exhaled with max effort
inspiratory capacity - air breathed in normally
functional residual capacity - air remaining with normal breath
total lung capacity - maximum the lungs can hold
define terms for various deviations from the normal pattern of breathing
- Apnea21 (AP-nee-uh)
- Temporary cessation of breathing (one or more skipped breaths)
- Dyspnea22 (DISP-nee-uh)
- Labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath
- Hyperpnea23 (HY-purp-NEE-uh)
- Increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditions
- Hyperventilation
- Increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand, frequently associated with anxiety; expels CO2 faster than it is produced, thus lowering the blood CO2 concentration and raising the blood pH
- Hypoventilation24
- Reduced pulmonary ventilation; leads to an increase in blood CO2 concentration if ventilation is insufficient to expel CO2 as fast as it is produced
- Kussmaul25 respiration
- Deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis; seen in diabetes mellitus
- Orthopnea26 (or-thop-NEE-uh)
- Dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down or in any position other than standing or sitting erect; seen in heart failure, asthma, emphysema, and other conditions
- Respiratory arrest
- Permanent cessation of breathing (unless there is medical intervention)
- Tachypnea27 (tack-ip-NEE-uh)
- Accelerated respiration
define partial pressure and discuss its relationship to a gas mixture such as air
The separate contribution of each gas in a mixture is its partial pressure
Nitrogen 78.6%
Oxygen 20.9%
Water 0.5%
Carbon dioxide 0.004%
discuss how partial pressure affects gas transport by the blood
The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide change, affecting the diffusion process that moves these materials across the membrane. This will cause oxygen to enter and carbon dioxide to leave the blood more quickly.
describe the factors that govern gas exchange in the lungs and systemic capillaries.
ambient pressure of oxygen -temperature (gas expands with heat) -Bohr effect (pH and saturation)
