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Anatomy Final > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

describe the functions and major components of the circulatory system.

A
  1. supplies food, oxygen and hormones to cells
  2. supplies the body with infection-fighting blood cells
  3. removes waste products from cells
  4. helps control body temperature
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2
Q

Components of the circulatory system

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

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3
Q

Components of blood

A

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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4
Q

Percentage of blood

A

55% plasma, 45% formed elements

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5
Q

Buffy Coat

A

white blood cells and platelets

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6
Q

Percentage of blood

A

55% plasma, 45% formed elements

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7
Q

Normal percentage of hematocrit

A

45%

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8
Q

describe the structure and function of hemoglobin

A

-Protein globin composed of two alpha and two beta chains, and a heme pigment bonded to each globin chain with an iron atom in each heme.

-Load oxygen in the lungs and transport the oxygen to the tissues all over the body

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9
Q

composition of plasma

A

92% water
7% proteins
1% other solutes

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10
Q

blood viscosity

A

The stickiness of the blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins.

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11
Q

blood cell production

A

red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and other blood elements

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12
Q

How is blood formed?

A

hemopoiesis

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13
Q

Structure and function of erythrocytes

A

small
non-nucleated/no organelles
biconcave
contain millions of hb molecs
only transport O2/CO2
normal life span ~120 days

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14
Q

Hemoglobin levels

A

males: 14-18
females: 12-16

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15
Q

Hemocrit levels

A

males 42%-52%
females 37%-47%

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16
Q

blood osmolarity

A

300 mOsm/L

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17
Q

Blood vessel layers

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

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18
Q

Tunica intima

A

the innermost layer of a blood vessel, composed of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells over a sheet of connective tissue; its smooth, frictionless surface allows blood to flow smoothly through the vessel

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19
Q

tunica media

A

The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand.

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20
Q

tunica adventitia

A

The outer layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue.

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21
Q

Hematopoiesis steps

A

Before birth

Blood cell production starts when you’re still in the uterus. It begins in the yolk sac, a structure that surrounds an embryo at the beginning of pregnancy. Toward the end of pregnancy, most blood cell production happens in your bone marrow. Key milestones in hematopoiesis during pregnancy are:

Week 3: A type of red blood cell slightly less developed than the red blood cells that get made during adulthood is made in the yolk sac.

Months 2 & 3: Red blood cells and platelets get made in your liver and spleen. White blood cells get made in your liver, spleen and thymus.

Month 5: Most blood cell production happens in your bone marrow. The thymus, spleen and other lymph tissue also make some types of white blood cells.

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22
Q

The function of hemoglobin is to

A

Transport oxygen in the body

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23
Q

life span of erythrocytes

A

120 days (no protein synthesis, growth, division)

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24
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Too many WBC’s, often sign of infection

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25
Q

What determines a person’s ABO?

A

ABO blood group system, the classification of human blood based on the inherited properties of red blood cells (erythrocytes) as determined by the presence or absence of the antigens A and B, which are carried on the surface of the red cells. Persons may thus have type A, type B, type O, or type AB blood.

26
Q

Transfusion compatibility

A

interactions between plasma proteins and erythrocytes

27
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

This disease occurs in the fetus if the fetus is Rh+ while the mother is Rh-.

28
Q

describe the effects of a blood type incompatibility between mother and fetus.

A

If left untreated, anemia can lead to fetal death. The most common cause for fetal anemia is an incompatibility between the blood type of the mother and the fetus, called isoimmunization. Under these circumstances, antibodies from the mother destroy the red blood cells of the fetus.

29
Q

function of leukocytes

A

defense and immunity

30
Q

Different types of leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

31
Q

most abundant leukocyte

A

Neutrophils (50-70%)

32
Q

Neutrophils

A

A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.

33
Q

Eosinophils Function

A

defend against parasitic infestations (phagocytic)

34
Q

Basophil function

A

release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant

35
Q

lymphocytes function

A

mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies

36
Q

monocyte function

A

phagocytosis, develop into macrophages in tissue

37
Q

Leukocyte percentages

A

Neutrophils: 50% to 70%

Lymphocytes: 20% to 40%

Monocytes: 2% to 8%

Eosinophils: 1% to 4%

Basophils: 0.5% to 1%

38
Q

formation of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes form from myeloblasts.

Mono blasts enlarge and form monocytes.

Platelet-forming cells from megakaryoblasts

Break apart into platelets.

39
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

production of white blood cells

40
Q

Hemostasis steps

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation
41
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

Breakdown and removal of a clot

42
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

production of platelets (thrombocytes)

43
Q

Normal blood temperature

A

38 degrees Celsius or 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit

44
Q

Normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

45
Q

Hematocrit

A

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

46
Q

Blood component breakdown

A

Plasma: 55%
WBC: 1%
RBC:42-50%

47
Q

RBC graveyard

A

spleen and liver

48
Q

RBC are made in

A

red bone marrow

49
Q

Locations of RBM in adults

A

1.Sternum
2.Proximal ends of humerus.
3.Femur
4.Hip Bone

50
Q

blood serum

A

product of blood plasma formed when fibrinogen and clotting factors are removed from blood plasma

51
Q

Leukocytes in circulation

A

5,000-10,000

52
Q

Albumin function
Globulin function
FibroGen function

A

1.osmotic balance, pH buffering
2.defense (antibodies) and lipid transport
3.blood clotting

53
Q

Formed elements of blood

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

54
Q

Hemophilia

A

A hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding.

55
Q

Polycythemia

A

too many red blood cells

56
Q

Leukemia

A

Blood condition of white cells; malignant (cancerous) condition

57
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape

58
Q

Anemia types

A

Iron deficiency anemia
aplastic anemia
sickle cell anemia
pernicious anemia

59
Q

aplastic anemia

A

failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

60
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the blood stream.

Anatomy Final (5 decks)

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