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SHF 204 Systemic conditions > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Acute bronchitis

A
  • Inflammation of lining of bronchial tube, which carries air from lungs
    Lasting around 3 weeks
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2
Q

Acute bronchitis cause

A
  • Usually caused by viruses, typically same as colds and flu (influenza)
  • Smoking
  • Air pollution
  • Dust
  • Toxic gas from enviro
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3
Q

Acute bronchitis population

A
  • Can affect all ages, most common in children under 5
  • More commonly developed in winter
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4
Q

Acute bronchitis risks

A
  • Smokers
  • Low resistance- may result from another acute illness such as a cold
  • Exposure to irritants at work- e.g., grain or textiles
  • Gastric reflux- repeated bouts of severe heartburn can irritate throat and inc chance of bronchitis
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5
Q

Acute bronchitis presentation

A
  • Cough
  • Production of mucus=- clear, white, yellowish-grey or green, rarely may have streak of blood
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Slight fever/chills
  • Chest discomfort
  • Potential body aches, mild headache
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6
Q

Acute bronchitis prognosis

A
  • Usually improves within a week to 10 days without lasting effects, although cough may linger for weeks
  • Antibiotics won’t work as it won’t kill influenza virus
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7
Q

Bronchiolitis

A
  • Common lung infection
  • Causes inflammation and congestion in bronchioles
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8
Q

Bronchiolitis Cause

A
  • Virus- influenza, rhinovirus, etc
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9
Q

Bronchiolitis population

A
  • Young children and infants
  • Peal time is during winter
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10
Q

Bronchiolitis risks

A
  • Premature birth
  • Underlying heart or lung conditions
  • Depressed immune system
  • Exposure to tobacco smoke
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11
Q

Bronchiolitis presentation

A
  • Early- runny/stuffy nose, cough, slight fever (not always present)
  • After this may be a week or more of difficulty breathing or whistling of nose
  • Many infants have an ear infection (otitis media)
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12
Q

Bronchiolitis prognosis

A
  • Most children get better with care at home
  • Small % hospitalised
  • See doctor if audible wheezing, breathing very fast, laboured breathing, lethargic appearance, refusal to drink, skin turning blue (cyanosis)
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13
Q

Whooping cough

A
  • Highly contagious respiratory tract infection
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14
Q

Whooping cough cause

A
  • Bacteria called Bordetella perussis
  • When infected person coughs or sneezes, tiny germ-laden droplets are sprayed into air and inhaled by others
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15
Q

Whooping cough population

A
  • Before vaccine, considered childhood disease
  • Mainly affects children too young to finish full course of ABs or teens/adults whose immunity has faded
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16
Q

Whooping cough risks

A
  • When vaccine wears off- leaves most teenagers and adults susceptible during outbreak
  • Infants under 12 months who are unvaccinated or haven’t received full set have highest risk for severe complications and death
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17
Q

Whooping cough presentation

A
  • Once infected, takes about 7-10 days to show symptoms
  • Runny nose
  • Nasal congestion
  • Red, watery eyes
  • Fever
  • Cough
  • After week or two- provoke vomiting, red/blue face, extreme fatigue, end with high pitched ‘whoop’ sound during next breath of air
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18
Q

Whooping cough prognosis

A
  • Deaths are rare but most commonly occur in infants
  • See doctor if prolonged coughing causes vomiting, face to turn red/blue, pauses in breathing, inhale with whooping sound
  • Complications- bruised/cracked ribs, abdominal hernias, broken vessels in skin or whites of eyes
  • Infant complications- pneumonia, slowed/stopped breathing, seizures
  • Make sure fully vaccinated and boosted
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19
Q

Pneumonia

A
  • Infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs
  • Sacs may fill with fluid or pus, causing cough, fever, child, and difficulty breathing
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20
Q

Causes of pneumonia

A
  • Variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi
  • Community acquired
  • Hospital acquired
  • Health care
  • Aspiration
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21
Q

Pneumonia community acquired cause

A
  1. Bacteria- Streptococcus pneumoniae- occurs on its own once infected with a cold or flue
  2. Bacteria like organisms- Mycoplasma pneumoniae- typically produces milder symptom’s
  3. Fungi- most common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems. Found in soil, bird droppings, etc
  4. Viruses- most common in children younger than 5
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22
Q

Pneumonia hospital acquired

A

can be serious because bacteria causing it may be more resistant to ABs

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23
Q

Pneumonia health care

A

occurs in people who live in long-term care facilities, similar to hospital

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24
Q

Pneumonia aspiration

A

occurs when you inhale food, drink, vomit or saliva into lungs. More likely if something disturbs normal gag reflex, such as brain injury or swallowing problems

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25
Q

Pneumonia risks

A
  • Most serious for infants and young children (under 2)
  • People over 65
  • Health problems/weakened immune system
  • Being hospitalised
  • Smoking
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26
Q

Pneumonia presentation

A
  • Mild to severe
  • Chest P when coughing or beathing
  • Confusion (65+)
  • Cough, may produce phlegm
  • Fatigue
  • Fever, sweating and shaking chills
  • Lower body temp
  • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
  • New-borns may not show signs
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27
Q

Pneumonia prognosis

A
  • Ranges from mild to life-threatening
  • Get vaccinated to prevent
28
Q

TB

A
  • Potentially serious disease that mainly affects lungs
  • Inc prevalence in 1985 post HIV outbreak as HIV weakness immune system
29
Q

TB cause

A
  • Spread through droplets
  • Bacteria
  • Contagious, but not easy to catch
  • 2 weeks of treatment= no longer contagious
30
Q

TB risks

A
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Diabetes
  • Severe kidney disease
  • Very young or advanced age
  • Some drugs with treat rheumatoid diseases
31
Q

TB presentation

A
  • Latent TB- have Tb but bacteria in body are inactive and cause no symptoms, treatment important to prevent it becoming active
  • Active TB- show symptoms, can spread to others, can occur weeks or years after TB bacteria infection
  • Soughing for 3 or more weeks
  • Coughing up blood or mucus
  • Night sweats
  • Loss of appetite
  • Chest P especially when coughing or breathing
32
Q

TB prognosis

A
  • Any TB strains are resistant to drugs
  • Multiple medication needed to be taken for months to get rid of infection and prevent AB resistance
33
Q

Emphysema

A
  • Lung condition causing shortness of breath
  • Alveoli damaged, over time inner walls of air sacs weaken and rupture- creating large air spaces instead of small ones
  • Reduces SA of lungs  reduced oxygen to bloodstream
  • During exhalation, damaged alveoli don’t work properly and old air is trapped, leaving no room for oxygen-rich air to enter
34
Q

Emphysema cause

A
  • Long-term exposure to airborne irritants e.g., tobacco smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes and dust
35
Q

Emphysema risks

A
  • Smoking
  • Age- 40-60
  • Exposure to second-hand smoke
  • Occupational exposure to fumes or dust
36
Q

Emphysema presentation

A
  • Can have it many years without noticing
  • Main symptom is shortness of breath, so doesn’t become a problem until it interferes with daily life
  • Causes shortness of breath whilst at rest
37
Q

Emphysema prognosis

A
  • Complications include- collapsed lungs, heart problems, large holes in lungs (bullae)
38
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A
  • Productive cough that lasts at least three months, with recurring bouts occurring at least two consecutive years
39
Q

Chronic bronchitis cause

A
  • Usually caused by viruses, typically same as colds and flu (influenza)
  • Smoking
  • Air pollution
  • Dust
  • Toxic gas from enviro
40
Q

Chronic bronchitiis population

A

65+

41
Q

Chronic bronchitis risks

A
  • Smokers
  • Low resistance- may result from another acute illness such as a cold
  • Exposure to irritants at work- e.g., grain or textiles
  • Gastric reflux- repeated bouts of severe heartburn can irritate throat and inc chance of bronchitis
42
Q

Chronic bronchitis presentation

A
  • Cough
  • Production of mucus=- clear, white, yellowish-grey or green, rarely may have streak of blood
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Slight fever/chills
  • Chest discomfort
  • Potential body aches, mild headache
43
Q

Chronic bronchitis prognosis

A
  • No cure but can be significantly improved through managing condition through medication and lifestyle changes
    Bronchiodilator meds
44
Q

Asthma

A
  • Airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus
45
Q

Asthma cause

A
  • Not clear, thought to be due to combination of enviro and genetic factors
  • Triggers:
    1. Airborne allergens- e.g., pollen, dust mites
    2. Respiratory infections
    3. Physical activity
    4. Cold air
    5. Air pollutants
    6. Strong emotion/stress
46
Q

Asthma population

A

Female adults

47
Q

Asthma risks

A
  • Blood relative with asthma
  • Overweight
  • Smoker
  • Exposure to second hand smoke
  • Exposure to exhaust fumes
48
Q

Asthma presentation

A
  • Variable
  • May have infrequent asthma attacks
  • Shortness of breath
  • Chest tightness or P
  • Wheezing when exhaling, common in children
  • Trouble sleeping caused by shortness if breath
  • Worsening signs- more freuqent and bothersome, inc difficulty breathing, need to use quick-relief inhaler
49
Q

Asthma prognosis

A
  • Can be minor or major
  • Can’t be cured but symptoms can be controlled
  • Important to work with doctor to track signs and symptoms and adjust to changes
50
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A
  • Inherited disorder that causes severe damage to lungs, digestive system and other organs
  • Affects cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices- usually thin and slippery, people with CF have a defective gene causing secretions to be sticky and thick
  • Instead of acting as a lubricant it plugs up tubes, ducts and passageways especially in lungs and pancreas
51
Q

Cystic fibrosis cause

A
  • Mutation in a gene- cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene- changes protein that regulates movement of salts in and out of cells
  • Results in sticky mucus in respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems as well as inc salt in sweat
  • Children need to inherit one copy of the gene from each parent in order to have disease
  • If children develop one copy they won’t develop CF, however they will be carriers and could pass it one to their children
52
Q

Cystic fibrosis population

A
  • Northern Europeans
53
Q

Cystic fibrosis risk

A
  • Family Hx
  • Most common in Northern European ancestry
54
Q

Cystic fibrosis presentation

A
  • Variable
  • May not experience symptoms until teenage years or adulthood
  • Tend to have higher salt in sweat, parents can tell when kissing their children
  • Respiratory- persistent cough that produces thick mucus, wheezing, exercise intolerance, repeated lung infections, recurrent sinusitis
  • Digestive- thick mucus can block rubes that carry digestive enzymes from pancreas to small intestines- without these unable to absorb nutrients from food resulting in foul smelling stools, poor weight gain and growth, intestinal blocks particularly in new-borns, chronic or severe constipation
55
Q

Cystic fibrosis prognosis

A
  • Requires progressive treatment/daily care, but usually able to attend school or work
  • Improvements in screening treatments mean people with CF now may live into mid-late 30s or 40s, some into 50s
  • Genetic screening
56
Q

Lung cancer

A
  • Leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide
  • Types:
    1. Small cell- almost exclusively in heavy smokers
    2. Non-small cell- umbrella term for several types, includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma
57
Q

Lung cancer cause

A
  • Smoking- both smokers and those exposed to second hand
    o Damage to cells which line lungs
    o Inhalation of carcinogens changes kung tissue immediately
  • Other than smoking, no clear cause
58
Q

Lung cancer population

A

65+

59
Q

Lung cancer risks

A
  • Smoking
  • Exposure to second hand
  • Previous radiation therapy
  • Family Hx of lung cancer
60
Q

Lung cancer presentation

A
  • Rarely symptoms in early stages
  • New cough that doesn’t go away
  • Coughing up blood
  • Chest P
  • Shortness of breath
  • Hoarseness
  • Losing weight
  • Bone P
  • Headache
61
Q

Lung cancer prognosis

A
  • Many complications- coughing up blood, shortness of breath, P, fluid in chest, cancer that spreads
  • 2/5 live for a year after diagnosis
  • 1/10 live for ten years
62
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  • Collapsed lung
  • Occurs when air leaks into space between lung and chest wall
  • Air pushes on outside of lung and it collapses
63
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  • Chest injury- blunt or penetrating
  • Lung disease- damage inc likelihood, e.g., CF
  • Ruptured air blisters- develop at top of lung, occasionally burst allowing air to leak into space that surrounds lungs
  • Mechanical ventilation- severe type, imbalance of air pressure created within chest by ventilator
64
Q

Pneumothorax population

A
  • Tall, thin people
  • Smokers
65
Q

Pneumothorax risks

A
  • Smoking
  • Genetics
  • Previous pneumothorax
66
Q

Pneumothorax presentation

A
  • Sudden chest P
  • Shortness of breath
  • Severity depends on how much lung is collapsed
67
Q

Pneumothorax prognosis

A
  • Insert needle or chest tube between ribs to remove excess air
  • Can heal on its own

SHF 204 Systemic conditions (6 decks)

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