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SHF 204 Systemic conditions > GI/GU > Flashcards

GI/GU Flashcards

1
Q

Appendicitis

A
  • Inflammation of appendix
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2
Q

Appendicitis cause

A
  • Blockage in lining of appendix resulting in infection
  • Bacteria multiplies rapidly and become inflamed, swollen and filled with pus
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3
Q

Appendicitis population

A

10-30

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4
Q

Appendicitis risk

A
  • Family Hx
  • Male
  • In children, CF inc risk
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5
Q

Appendicitis presentation

A
  • Sudden P that begins on right side of lower abdomen
  • P that worsens if you cough, walk or make other jarring movements
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Loss of appetite
  • Constipation or diarrhoea
  • Bloating
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6
Q

Appendicitis prognosis

A
  • If not treated promptly, can rupture
    Surgery
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7
Q

Pancreatitis

A
  • Inflammation of pancreas
  • Tucked behind stomach in upper abdomen
  • Acute or chronic
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8
Q

Pancreatitis cause

A
  • When digestive enzymes become activated while still in pancreas, irritating cells of pancreas causing inflammation
  • Repeated bouts of acute pancreatitis can become chronic
  • Poorly functioning pancreas can cause digestion problems and diabetes
  • Conditions that lead to- gallstones, alcoholism, CF, infection, obesity, trauma
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9
Q

Pancreatitis population

A
  • Can affect anyone, mostly commonly middle-aged and elderly people
  • Men more likely to develop alcohol-related pancreatitis
  • Women more likely to develop it from gallstones
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10
Q

Pancreatitis risk

A
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes’s
  • Family Hx
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11
Q

Pancreatitis presentation

A
  • Upper abdominal P
  • P radiation to back
  • Tenderness in abdomen
  • Fever
  • Rapid pulse
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Chronic- upper abdominal P, losing weight without trying, smelly stools
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12
Q

Pancreatitis prognosis

A
  • 10-20 year survival rates estimated at 70%
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13
Q

Liver cirrhosis

A
  • Late stage of scarring on liver caused by many forms of liver disease and conditions such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
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14
Q

Liver cirrhosis cause

A
  • Chronic alcohol abuse
  • Chronic viral hepatitis (B, C or D)
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  • CF
  • Poorly formed bile ducts
  • Genetic digestive disorder (Alagille syndrome)
  • Medication, including methotrexate or isoniazid
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15
Q

Liver cirrhosis population

A
  • Alcoholics, people with viral hepatitis and people who are overweight
    18-65
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16
Q

Liver cirrhosis risk

A
  • Drinking too much alcohol
  • Overweight
  • Viral hepatitis
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17
Q

Liver cirrhosis presentation

A
  • No signs or symptoms till extensive liver damage
  • Easy bleeding or bruising
  • Oedema
  • Weight loos
  • Spiderlike blood vessels on skin
  • Redness in palms
  • Loss of period, unrelated to menopause
  • Confusion/drowsiness
  • Nausea
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18
Q

Liver cirrhosis prognosis

A
  • Damage generally can’t be undone
  • If diagnosed early and cause treated, further damage is limited
    Cut out salt
    Take diuretics- furosemide
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19
Q

Hep A

A
  • Highly contagious infection
  • Causes inflammation to liver, affecting its ability to function
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20
Q

Hep A causes

A
  • Virus that affects liver cells  inflammation
  • Virus spreads when infected stool enters mouth to another person, e.g., through infected food/drink
  • Drinking contaminated water
  • Eating food washed in contaminated water
  • Eating raw shellfish from sewage polluted water
  • Having sexual contact with someone who has the virus
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21
Q

Hep A risk

A
  • Travel or work to areas where hep A is common
  • Living with someone with hep A
  • Sexual contact
  • HIV +ve
  • Recreational drugs
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22
Q

Hep A

A
  • Appear after few weeks of virus infection
  • Unusual tiredness and weakness
  • Sudden nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
  • Clay or grey coloured stool
  • Jt P
  • Dark urine
  • Jaundice (yellow skin/eyes)
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23
Q

Hep A prognosis

A
  • Does not cuase long-term liver damage, doesn’t become chronic
  • Can cause sudden loss of liver function, especially in older adults
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24
Q

Hep B

A
  • Tends to last less than six months
  • Can become chronic
  • Inc risk of developing liver failure, liver cancer or cirrhosis
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25
Q

Hep B cause

A
  • Passed through blood, semen, or other bodily fluids
  • Sexual contact
  • Sharing of needles
  • Mother to child
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26
Q

Hep B risk

A
  • Having unprotected sex with someone who is infected
  • Share needles during IV drug use
  • Living with someone who has chronic HBV
  • Infant born from infected mother
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27
Q

Hep B presentation

A
  • Abdominal P
  • Dark urine
  • Fever
  • Jt P
  • Loss of appetite
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Weakness/fatigue
  • Jaundice symptoms
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28
Q

Hep B prognosis

A
  • Most adults fully recover
  • Infants/children likely to develop long-lasting hep B infection
  • Vaccine prevents hep B
  • No cure
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29
Q

Hep C

A
  • Liver inflammation  liver damage
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30
Q

Hep C cause

A
  • Spreads when blood contaminated with virus enters bloodstream of uninfected person
  • Exists in several distinct forms, known as genotypes
  • Seven distinct HCV genotypes and more than 67 subtypes have been identified
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31
Q

Hep C risk

A
  • Health care worker exposed to infected blood
  • Have HIV
  • Piercing/tattoo from unclean enviro
  • Mother to baby
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32
Q

Hep C presentation

A
  • Usual silent for many years, until liver damage is enough to cause signs and symptoms of liver damage
  • Bleeding/bruising easily
  • Fatigue
  • Poor appetite
  • Dark-coloured urine
  • Oedema
  • Weight loss
  • Confusion/drowsiness
  • Spiderlike blood vessels in skin
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33
Q

Hep C prognosis

A
  • Curable with oral medication taken everyday for 2-6 months
  • Usually goes away undiagnosed
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34
Q

Hep D

A
  • Can get it if you have hep B
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35
Q

Hep D causes

A
  • Exchange if infected blood or bodily fluid
  • Can only infect you if you have hep B, hep D needs B strain to survive
  • Happens in two ways
    1. Co-infection- contract HBV and HDV at same time
    2. Super-infection- become unwell with hep B then later develop hep D
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36
Q

Hep D risk

A
  • Having hep B
  • Inject drugs
  • Have sex with someone with hep B or D
  • Have HIV and hep B
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37
Q

Hep D presentation

A
  • Jaundice
  • Stomach upset
  • P in belly
  • Vomiting
  • Fatigue
  • Jt P
  • Dark urine
  • Light-coloured stool
  • Symptoms may be worsened if you have hep B
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38
Q

Hep D prognosis

A
  • Can lead to lifelong liver damage and even death
  • No cure yet, prescribe drugs to alleviate symptoms
    Interferon alfa
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39
Q

Hep E

A
  • Most common cause of acute hepatitis in UK
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40
Q

Hep E cause

A
  • Consumption of raw or undercooked pork metal or offal, also with wild boar, venison and shellfish
  • Through faeces
    Contaminated faeces
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41
Q

Hep E risk

A
  • Poor hygiene
  • Drinking/eating from contaminated source
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42
Q

Hep E presentation

A
  • Mild fever
  • Fatigue
  • Reduced hunger
  • Vomiting
  • Belly P
  • Dark urine
  • Light-coloured faeces
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43
Q

Hep E prognosis

A
  • Generally mild and short-term (4-6 weeks)
  • Does not require extra treatment
  • Can be serious in people with weakened immune systems
  • No vaccine, prevent by practicing good health and hygiene
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44
Q

Alcoholic hepatitis cause

A
  • Drinking excessive alcohol over many years
  • Body’s process for breaking down chemicals produces highly toxic chemicals
  • These chemicals trigger inflammation that destroys liver cells
  • Over time, scars replace healthy liver tissue, interfering with functionality
  • Cirrhosis is final stage of alcoholic liver disease
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45
Q

Alcoholic hep risk

A
  • Women
  • Obesity
  • Genetics
  • Binge drinking
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46
Q

Alcoholic hep presentation

A
  • Rarely causes symptoms
  • Can cause sudden jaundice and liver failure in some people
  • Loss of appetite
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Abdominal tenderness
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47
Q

Alcoholic hep prognosis

A
  • Reduced alcohol consumption to allow liver recovery
  • Risk of developing cirrhosis, liver failure, cancer
48
Q

Autoimmune hep

A
  • Types
    1. Type 1- can occur at any age, common to have other autoimmune disorder
    2. Type 2- most common in adults and young people
49
Q

Autoimmune hep cause

A
  • When immune system attacks liver
  • Can lead to chronic inflammation and serious damage to liver cells
  • Believed to be interaction of genes controlling immune system function and exposure to viruses and drugs
50
Q

Autoimmune hep risk

A
  • Female
  • Hx of certain infections
  • Hereditary
  • Having autoimmune disease
51
Q

Autoimmune hep presentation

A
  • Variable
  • Fatigue
  • Jaundice
  • Enlarged liver
  • Abnormal blood vessels on the skin
  • Skin rashes
  • Jt P
  • Loss of menstrual periods
52
Q

Autoimmune hep prognosis

A
  • Majority achieve remission and 10 year survival rate is around 94%
53
Q

S+S of GU disease

A
  • Frequent UTIs
  • Pain in pelvic/groin area
  • Bladder incontinence
  • P or discomfort whilst urinating
  • Blood in urine
  • Bad or strong-smelling urine
  • Reduced urine output
  • Visually abnormal or malformed genitals
54
Q

UTI

A
  • Infection in any part of urinary system
  • Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
  • Most involve lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra)
55
Q

UTI cause

A
  • When bacteria enter urinary tract through urethra and begins to spread to bladder
  • Infection of bladder- Escherichia coli (E.coli), commonly found in GI tract, sometimes other bacteria can cause. Having sex can lead to bladder infection. In women, urethra being closest to anus, which makes it easier for bacteria to travel to bladder
  • Infection of urethra- happens when Gi bacteria spreads from anus to urethra,
56
Q

UTI risk

A
  • Female anatomy
  • Sexual activity + new sexual partners
  • Certain type of birth control + spermicidal agents
  • Menopause- post-menopause cases decline in circulating oestrogen changes urinary tract, inc risk of UTI
57
Q

UTI presentation

A
  • Strong urge to urinate that doesn’t go away
  • Burning sensation when urinating
  • Urinating often
  • Urine appears red, bright pink or brown- signs of blood in urine
  • Strong-smelling urine
  • Pelvic P in women- especially in centre of pelvis and around pubic bone
58
Q

Kidney UTI

A

Back or side P
High fever
Shaking and chills
Nausea/vomiting

59
Q

Bladder UTI

A

Pelvic pressure
Lower belly discomfort
Frequent, painful urination
Blood in urine

60
Q

Urethra UTI

A

Burning with urination
Discharge

61
Q

UTI prognosis

A
  • Serious problems can result if UTI spreads to kidneys
  • Often treated with ABs
62
Q

Overreactive bladder

A
  • Causes frequent and sudden urge to urinate that may be difficult to control
63
Q

Overreactive bladder cause

A
  • Occurs when bladder starts to contract on their own even when the volume of urine in bladder is low, called involuntary contractions, create urgent need to urinate
  • Neurological disorders- e.g., strokes, MS
  • UTI can cause similar symptoms
  • Hormonal changes during menopause
  • Conditions affecting bladder, such as tumours or bladder stones
  • Factors that get in the way or urine leaving bladder, e.g., enlarge prostates, constipation or previous surgery to treat incontinence
64
Q

Overreactive bladder risks

A
  • Advancing age- higher risk of conditions which can interfere with excretion
  • Cognitive decline- e.g., from stroke
  • Bowel control problems
65
Q

Overreactive bladder prognosis

A
  • Can be managed with dietary changes, time voiding and bladder-holding techniques using pelvic floor muscles
66
Q

Interstitial cystitis

A
  • Chronic condition causing bladder pressure, P and plvic P
  • Mild  severe P
  • Signals get mixed up in relation to when bladder is full and needs to excrete urine, leading to more frequent urination and smaller volumes of urine
67
Q

Interstitial cystitis cause

A
  • Unknown
  • Factors that influence:
    o Defect to epithelium of bladder- leak may allow toxic substances in urine to irritate bladder wall
    o Autoimmune reaction
    o Hereditary
    o Infection or allergy
68
Q

Interstitial cystitis population

A
  • Most commonly affects women
69
Q

Interstitial cystitis risk

A
  • Women
  • 30+
  • Having chronic P disorder- e.g., IBS or fibromyalgia
70
Q

Interstitial cystitis presentation

A
  • Variable
  • Gradual progression
  • Flare ups triggered by menstruation, sitting for too long, stress, exercise, and sexual activity
  • P in pelvis or between vagina and anus in women
  • P between scrotum and anus in men
  • Chronic pelvic P
  • Persistent, urgent need to urinate
  • P or discomfort while bladder
71
Q

Interstitial cystitis prognosis

A
  • Can have long lasting effects on QOL
  • No cure, but medication and therapies to relieve

Amitriptyline

72
Q

S+S of GI disease

A

Bloating
Excess gas
Constipation
Diarrhoea
Heart burn
Nausea and vom
Weight loss
Blood in stool

73
Q

Gastroesphageal reflux disease (GORD)

A

Occurs when acid from stomach leaks into oesopahgus
Usually occurs as result of ring of muscle at bottom of oesophagus becoming weakened

74
Q

GORD cause

A

Frequent acid reflux of non acidic content of stomach
When you swallow, a circular band of muscle around bottom of oesophagus relaxes to allow food/liquid into stomach, the sphincter closes again
If sphincter does not relax sit should or weakness, stomach acid can flow back into oesophagus
Constant backwash of acid irritates lining of oesophagus, often causing inflammation

75
Q

GORD population

A

Younger adults/teenagers

76
Q

GORD risk factors

A

Obesity
Hiatal hernia- bulging of top of stomach above diaphragm
Pregnancy
Delayed stomach emptying

77
Q

Factors that can aggravate acid reflux

A

Smoking
Earring large meals or eating late at night
Eating certain foods- e.g., fatty/fried
Alcohol, coffee
Aspirin

78
Q

S+S GORDS

A

Heart burn- usually after eating, may be worse at night while lying down
Regurgitation of food/spur liquid
Abdominal/chest P
Dysphagia
Lump in throat sensation

79
Q

GORDS prognosis

A

Managed with OTC meds- antacids, H2 receptor blocker
If these don’t work- sucralfate, metaclopramide
Often simple lifestyle changes relieve symptoms

80
Q

Peptic ulcer disease

A

Sores that develop on inside lining of stomach and upper portion of small intestines
Include- gastric ulcers that occur in inside of stomach, duodenal ulcers that occur inside up[er tract of small intestine

81
Q

Peptic ulcer disease cause

A

Acid in digestive tract eats away at inner surface of stomach or small intestines
Bacteria- Helicobacter pylori
Regular use of pain meds- NSAIDs, aspirin
Steroids, anticoagulants

82
Q

Peptic ulcer disease population

A

Gastric ulcers- 60+, more common in women
Duodenal- 30-50, men

83
Q

Peptic ulcer disease risk

A

Doesn’t cause, makes healing worse
Smoking
Alcohol
Untreated stress
Spicy food

84
Q

S+S peptic ulcer disease

A

Burning sensation in stomach- made worse by having empty stomach
Feeling of fullness, bloating or belching
Intolerance to fatty foods
Heartburn
Nausea
Unexplained weight loss
Dark blood in stool

85
Q

Peptic ulcer disease prognosis

A

Excellent once underlying cause is treated
Recurrence prevented by maintaining good hygiene and avoiding alcohol, smoking and NSAIDs
Recurrence is common with rates exceeding 60%

86
Q

Diverticular disease

A

Diverticula are small, bulging pouches that can form in lining of digestive system
Found most commonly in colon

87
Q

Diverticular disease cause

A

Usually develops when naturally weak place in colon gives way under pressure
Causes marble sized pouches to protrude through colon wall
Diverticulitis occurs when diverticula tear, resulting in inflammation and in some cases infection

88
Q

Diverticular disease population

A

40+

89
Q

Diverticular disease risk

A

Aging
Obesity
Smoking
Lack of exercise
Diet high in animal fat and low in fibre
Steroids, NSAIDs, opioids

90
Q

Diverticular disease S+S

A

P- can be constant and persist for several days, lower left side of abdomen
Nausea, vom
Fever
Abdominal tenderness
Constipation
Diarrhoea

91
Q

Diverticular disease prognosis

A

Oral ABs
Rest
Pain relief
Low-fibre diet/liquid diet
Surgery is an option
Recurrence rate about 20%

92
Q

IBS

A

Common disorder affecting stomach and intestines

93
Q

IBS cause

A

Not fully known
Muscle contraction in intestine
Nervous system- poorly coordinated signals between brain and intestines cause body to overreact to changes that typically occur in digestive process
Severe infection- post severe bought of diarrhoea caused by bacteria or virus
Early life stages- people exposed to stressful events in childhood inc risk
Triggers- food, stress

94
Q

IBS population

A

Females under 50

95
Q

IBS risk

A

Under 50
Women
Family Hx
Anxiety, depression, etc

96
Q

IBS S+S

A

Variable, present for long time
Abdominal cramping or bloating, related to passing bowel movements
Changes in frequency of bowel movements
Inc gas
Mucus in stool m

97
Q

IBS prognosis

A
  • IBS does not shorten the lifespan of affected individuals or lead to major life-threatening complications in most patients
  • Most serious symptoms can be avoided through a controlled diet and avoiding stressful situations
98
Q

IBD

A

Term describes disorders including chronic inflammation of tissue in digestive tract
Chrons + ulcerative colitis

99
Q

Crohns

A

Inflammation of tissues in digestive tract

100
Q

Crohns cause

A

Unknown
Diet and stress, aggravate but don’t cause
Immune system- virus/bacteria can trigger
Hereditary

101
Q

Crohns population

A

White people under 30

102
Q

Crohns risk

A

Age- before 30
White people
Family Hx
Smoking
NSAIDs

103
Q

Crohns S+S

A

Mild- severe
Usually develop gradually
Diarrhoea
Fever
Fatigue
Abdominal P and cramping
Blood in stool
Weight loss

104
Q

Severe symptoms of Crohn’s outside intestinal tract

A

Inflame or skin, eyes and Jts
Inflame of liver and bile ducts
Kidney stones
Anaemia
Delayed growth or sexual development in children

105
Q

Crohns prognosis

A

No cure
Treatment and lifestyle changes help disease in remission and prevent complications

106
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Inflammation and ulcers in digestive tract

107
Q

Ulcerative colitis cause

A

Unknown
Diet and stress are aggravators
Immune system malfunction
Hereditary

108
Q

Ulcerative colitis population

A

Adults before 30

109
Q

Ulcerative colitis risk

A

Before 30
White people
Family Hx

110
Q

Types of ulcerative colitis

A

Ulcerative proctitis
Proctosigmviditis
Left-sided colitis
Pancolitis

111
Q

Ulcerative proctitis

A

Inflame is confined to rectum
Rectal bleeding may be only sign

112
Q

Proctosigmviditis

A

Inflame involved rectum and sigmoid colon
Symptoms- bloody diarrhoea, abdominal P and cramps, inability to move bowels despite urge to do so

113
Q

Left sided colitis

A

Inflam extends from rectum through sigmoid and descending portion of colon
Bloody diarrhoea, abdominal cramping, P on left side, urgency to defecate

114
Q

Pancolitits

A

Often entire colon
Blood diarrhoea, abdominal cramps + P, fatigue, significant weight loss

115
Q

S+S IBD

A

Innermost lining of large intestine and rectum
Variable, depends on severity of inflammation
Diarrhoea- often with blood or pus
Rectal bleeding
Abdominal cramping/P
Weight loss
Fatigue

116
Q

Prognosis of IBD

A

No treatment
Can treat complications rather than disease
Around 10% get better after 1 attack
More likely to have flare ups though life

SHF 204 Systemic conditions (6 decks)

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