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SHF 204 Systemic conditions > GI/GU > Flashcards

GI/GU Flashcards

1
Q

Appendicitis

A
  • Inflammation of appendix
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2
Q

Appendicitis cause

A
  • Blockage in lining of appendix resulting in infection
  • Bacteria multiplies rapidly and become inflamed, swollen and filled with pus
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3
Q

Appendicitis population

A

10-30

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4
Q

Appendicitis risk

A
  • Family Hx
  • Male
  • In children, CF inc risk
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5
Q

Appendicitis presentation

A
  • Sudden P that begins on right side of lower abdomen
  • P that worsens if you cough, walk or make other jarring movements
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Loss of appetite
  • Constipation or diarrhoea
  • Bloating
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6
Q

Appendicitis prognosis

A
  • If not treated promptly, can rupture
    Surgery
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7
Q

Pancreatitis

A
  • Inflammation of pancreas
  • Tucked behind stomach in upper abdomen
  • Acute or chronic
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8
Q

Pancreatitis cause

A
  • When digestive enzymes become activated while still in pancreas, irritating cells of pancreas causing inflammation
  • Repeated bouts of acute pancreatitis can become chronic
  • Poorly functioning pancreas can cause digestion problems and diabetes
  • Conditions that lead to- gallstones, alcoholism, CF, infection, obesity, trauma
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9
Q

Pancreatitis population

A
  • Can affect anyone, mostly commonly middle-aged and elderly people
  • Men more likely to develop alcohol-related pancreatitis
  • Women more likely to develop it from gallstones
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10
Q

Pancreatitis risk

A
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes’s
  • Family Hx
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11
Q

Pancreatitis presentation

A
  • Upper abdominal P
  • P radiation to back
  • Tenderness in abdomen
  • Fever
  • Rapid pulse
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Chronic- upper abdominal P, losing weight without trying, smelly stools
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12
Q

Pancreatitis prognosis

A
  • 10-20 year survival rates estimated at 70%
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13
Q

Liver cirrhosis

A
  • Late stage of scarring on liver caused by many forms of liver disease and conditions such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
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14
Q

Liver cirrhosis cause

A
  • Chronic alcohol abuse
  • Chronic viral hepatitis (B, C or D)
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  • CF
  • Poorly formed bile ducts
  • Genetic digestive disorder (Alagille syndrome)
  • Medication, including methotrexate or isoniazid
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15
Q

Liver cirrhosis population

A
  • Alcoholics, people with viral hepatitis and people who are overweight
    18-65
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16
Q

Liver cirrhosis risk

A
  • Drinking too much alcohol
  • Overweight
  • Viral hepatitis
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17
Q

Liver cirrhosis presentation

A
  • No signs or symptoms till extensive liver damage
  • Easy bleeding or bruising
  • Oedema
  • Weight loos
  • Spiderlike blood vessels on skin
  • Redness in palms
  • Loss of period, unrelated to menopause
  • Confusion/drowsiness
  • Nausea
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18
Q

Liver cirrhosis prognosis

A
  • Damage generally can’t be undone
  • If diagnosed early and cause treated, further damage is limited
    Cut out salt
    Take diuretics- furosemide
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19
Q

Hep A

A
  • Highly contagious infection
  • Causes inflammation to liver, affecting its ability to function
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20
Q

Hep A causes

A
  • Virus that affects liver cells  inflammation
  • Virus spreads when infected stool enters mouth to another person, e.g., through infected food/drink
  • Drinking contaminated water
  • Eating food washed in contaminated water
  • Eating raw shellfish from sewage polluted water
  • Having sexual contact with someone who has the virus
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21
Q

Hep A risk

A
  • Travel or work to areas where hep A is common
  • Living with someone with hep A
  • Sexual contact
  • HIV +ve
  • Recreational drugs
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22
Q

Hep A

A
  • Appear after few weeks of virus infection
  • Unusual tiredness and weakness
  • Sudden nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
  • Clay or grey coloured stool
  • Jt P
  • Dark urine
  • Jaundice (yellow skin/eyes)
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23
Q

Hep A prognosis

A
  • Does not cuase long-term liver damage, doesn’t become chronic
  • Can cause sudden loss of liver function, especially in older adults
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24
Q

Hep B

A
  • Tends to last less than six months
  • Can become chronic
  • Inc risk of developing liver failure, liver cancer or cirrhosis
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25
Hep B cause
- Passed through blood, semen, or other bodily fluids - Sexual contact - Sharing of needles - Mother to child
26
Hep B risk
- Having unprotected sex with someone who is infected - Share needles during IV drug use - Living with someone who has chronic HBV - Infant born from infected mother
27
Hep B presentation
- Abdominal P - Dark urine - Fever - Jt P - Loss of appetite - Nausea and vomiting - Weakness/fatigue - Jaundice symptoms
28
Hep B prognosis
- Most adults fully recover - Infants/children likely to develop long-lasting hep B infection - Vaccine prevents hep B - No cure
29
Hep C
- Liver inflammation  liver damage
30
Hep C cause
- Spreads when blood contaminated with virus enters bloodstream of uninfected person - Exists in several distinct forms, known as genotypes - Seven distinct HCV genotypes and more than 67 subtypes have been identified
31
Hep C risk
- Health care worker exposed to infected blood - Have HIV - Piercing/tattoo from unclean enviro - Mother to baby
32
Hep C presentation
- Usual silent for many years, until liver damage is enough to cause signs and symptoms of liver damage - Bleeding/bruising easily - Fatigue - Poor appetite - Dark-coloured urine - Oedema - Weight loss - Confusion/drowsiness - Spiderlike blood vessels in skin
33
Hep C prognosis
- Curable with oral medication taken everyday for 2-6 months - Usually goes away undiagnosed
34
Hep D
- Can get it if you have hep B
35
Hep D causes
- Exchange if infected blood or bodily fluid - Can only infect you if you have hep B, hep D needs B strain to survive - Happens in two ways 1. Co-infection- contract HBV and HDV at same time 2. Super-infection- become unwell with hep B then later develop hep D
36
Hep D risk
- Having hep B - Inject drugs - Have sex with someone with hep B or D - Have HIV and hep B
37
Hep D presentation
- Jaundice - Stomach upset - P in belly - Vomiting - Fatigue - Jt P - Dark urine - Light-coloured stool - Symptoms may be worsened if you have hep B
38
Hep D prognosis
- Can lead to lifelong liver damage and even death - No cure yet, prescribe drugs to alleviate symptoms Interferon alfa
39
Hep E
- Most common cause of acute hepatitis in UK
40
Hep E cause
- Consumption of raw or undercooked pork metal or offal, also with wild boar, venison and shellfish - Through faeces Contaminated faeces
41
Hep E risk
- Poor hygiene - Drinking/eating from contaminated source
42
Hep E presentation
- Mild fever - Fatigue - Reduced hunger - Vomiting - Belly P - Dark urine - Light-coloured faeces
43
Hep E prognosis
- Generally mild and short-term (4-6 weeks) - Does not require extra treatment - Can be serious in people with weakened immune systems - No vaccine, prevent by practicing good health and hygiene
44
Alcoholic hepatitis cause
- Drinking excessive alcohol over many years - Body’s process for breaking down chemicals produces highly toxic chemicals - These chemicals trigger inflammation that destroys liver cells - Over time, scars replace healthy liver tissue, interfering with functionality - Cirrhosis is final stage of alcoholic liver disease
45
Alcoholic hep risk
- Women - Obesity - Genetics - Binge drinking
46
Alcoholic hep presentation
- Rarely causes symptoms - Can cause sudden jaundice and liver failure in some people - Loss of appetite - Nausea/vomiting - Abdominal tenderness
47
Alcoholic hep prognosis
- Reduced alcohol consumption to allow liver recovery - Risk of developing cirrhosis, liver failure, cancer
48
Autoimmune hep
- Types 1. Type 1- can occur at any age, common to have other autoimmune disorder 2. Type 2- most common in adults and young people
49
Autoimmune hep cause
- When immune system attacks liver - Can lead to chronic inflammation and serious damage to liver cells - Believed to be interaction of genes controlling immune system function and exposure to viruses and drugs
50
Autoimmune hep risk
- Female - Hx of certain infections - Hereditary - Having autoimmune disease
51
Autoimmune hep presentation
- Variable - Fatigue - Jaundice - Enlarged liver - Abnormal blood vessels on the skin - Skin rashes - Jt P - Loss of menstrual periods
52
Autoimmune hep prognosis
- Majority achieve remission and 10 year survival rate is around 94%
53
S+S of GU disease
- Frequent UTIs - Pain in pelvic/groin area - Bladder incontinence - P or discomfort whilst urinating - Blood in urine - Bad or strong-smelling urine - Reduced urine output - Visually abnormal or malformed genitals
54
UTI
- Infection in any part of urinary system - Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra - Most involve lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra)
55
UTI cause
- When bacteria enter urinary tract through urethra and begins to spread to bladder - Infection of bladder- Escherichia coli (E.coli), commonly found in GI tract, sometimes other bacteria can cause. Having sex can lead to bladder infection. In women, urethra being closest to anus, which makes it easier for bacteria to travel to bladder - Infection of urethra- happens when Gi bacteria spreads from anus to urethra,
56
UTI risk
- Female anatomy - Sexual activity + new sexual partners - Certain type of birth control + spermicidal agents - Menopause- post-menopause cases decline in circulating oestrogen changes urinary tract, inc risk of UTI
57
UTI presentation
- Strong urge to urinate that doesn’t go away - Burning sensation when urinating - Urinating often - Urine appears red, bright pink or brown- signs of blood in urine - Strong-smelling urine - Pelvic P in women- especially in centre of pelvis and around pubic bone
58
Kidney UTI
Back or side P High fever Shaking and chills Nausea/vomiting
59
Bladder UTI
Pelvic pressure Lower belly discomfort Frequent, painful urination Blood in urine
60
Urethra UTI
Burning with urination Discharge
61
UTI prognosis
- Serious problems can result if UTI spreads to kidneys - Often treated with ABs
62
Overreactive bladder
- Causes frequent and sudden urge to urinate that may be difficult to control
63
Overreactive bladder cause
- Occurs when bladder starts to contract on their own even when the volume of urine in bladder is low, called involuntary contractions, create urgent need to urinate - Neurological disorders- e.g., strokes, MS - UTI can cause similar symptoms - Hormonal changes during menopause - Conditions affecting bladder, such as tumours or bladder stones - Factors that get in the way or urine leaving bladder, e.g., enlarge prostates, constipation or previous surgery to treat incontinence
64
Overreactive bladder risks
- Advancing age- higher risk of conditions which can interfere with excretion - Cognitive decline- e.g., from stroke - Bowel control problems
65
Overreactive bladder prognosis
- Can be managed with dietary changes, time voiding and bladder-holding techniques using pelvic floor muscles
66
Interstitial cystitis
- Chronic condition causing bladder pressure, P and plvic P - Mild  severe P - Signals get mixed up in relation to when bladder is full and needs to excrete urine, leading to more frequent urination and smaller volumes of urine
67
Interstitial cystitis cause
- Unknown - Factors that influence: o Defect to epithelium of bladder- leak may allow toxic substances in urine to irritate bladder wall o Autoimmune reaction o Hereditary o Infection or allergy
68
Interstitial cystitis population
- Most commonly affects women
69
Interstitial cystitis risk
- Women - 30+ - Having chronic P disorder- e.g., IBS or fibromyalgia
70
Interstitial cystitis presentation
- Variable - Gradual progression - Flare ups triggered by menstruation, sitting for too long, stress, exercise, and sexual activity - P in pelvis or between vagina and anus in women - P between scrotum and anus in men - Chronic pelvic P - Persistent, urgent need to urinate - P or discomfort while bladder
71
Interstitial cystitis prognosis
- Can have long lasting effects on QOL - No cure, but medication and therapies to relieve Amitriptyline
72
S+S of GI disease
Bloating Excess gas Constipation Diarrhoea Heart burn Nausea and vom Weight loss Blood in stool
73
Gastroesphageal reflux disease (GORD)
Occurs when acid from stomach leaks into oesopahgus Usually occurs as result of ring of muscle at bottom of oesophagus becoming weakened
74
GORD cause
Frequent acid reflux of non acidic content of stomach When you swallow, a circular band of muscle around bottom of oesophagus relaxes to allow food/liquid into stomach, the sphincter closes again If sphincter does not relax sit should or weakness, stomach acid can flow back into oesophagus Constant backwash of acid irritates lining of oesophagus, often causing inflammation
75
GORD population
Younger adults/teenagers
76
GORD risk factors
Obesity Hiatal hernia- bulging of top of stomach above diaphragm Pregnancy Delayed stomach emptying
77
Factors that can aggravate acid reflux
Smoking Earring large meals or eating late at night Eating certain foods- e.g., fatty/fried Alcohol, coffee Aspirin
78
S+S GORDS
Heart burn- usually after eating, may be worse at night while lying down Regurgitation of food/spur liquid Abdominal/chest P Dysphagia Lump in throat sensation
79
GORDS prognosis
Managed with OTC meds- antacids, H2 receptor blocker If these don't work- sucralfate, metaclopramide Often simple lifestyle changes relieve symptoms
80
Peptic ulcer disease
Sores that develop on inside lining of stomach and upper portion of small intestines Include- gastric ulcers that occur in inside of stomach, duodenal ulcers that occur inside up[er tract of small intestine
81
Peptic ulcer disease cause
Acid in digestive tract eats away at inner surface of stomach or small intestines Bacteria- Helicobacter pylori Regular use of pain meds- NSAIDs, aspirin Steroids, anticoagulants
82
Peptic ulcer disease population
Gastric ulcers- 60+, more common in women Duodenal- 30-50, men
83
Peptic ulcer disease risk
Doesn't cause, makes healing worse Smoking Alcohol Untreated stress Spicy food
84
S+S peptic ulcer disease
Burning sensation in stomach- made worse by having empty stomach Feeling of fullness, bloating or belching Intolerance to fatty foods Heartburn Nausea Unexplained weight loss Dark blood in stool
85
Peptic ulcer disease prognosis
Excellent once underlying cause is treated Recurrence prevented by maintaining good hygiene and avoiding alcohol, smoking and NSAIDs Recurrence is common with rates exceeding 60%
86
Diverticular disease
Diverticula are small, bulging pouches that can form in lining of digestive system Found most commonly in colon
87
Diverticular disease cause
Usually develops when naturally weak place in colon gives way under pressure Causes marble sized pouches to protrude through colon wall Diverticulitis occurs when diverticula tear, resulting in inflammation and in some cases infection
88
Diverticular disease population
40+
89
Diverticular disease risk
Aging Obesity Smoking Lack of exercise Diet high in animal fat and low in fibre Steroids, NSAIDs, opioids
90
Diverticular disease S+S
P- can be constant and persist for several days, lower left side of abdomen Nausea, vom Fever Abdominal tenderness Constipation Diarrhoea
91
Diverticular disease prognosis
Oral ABs Rest Pain relief Low-fibre diet/liquid diet Surgery is an option Recurrence rate about 20%
92
IBS
Common disorder affecting stomach and intestines
93
IBS cause
Not fully known Muscle contraction in intestine Nervous system- poorly coordinated signals between brain and intestines cause body to overreact to changes that typically occur in digestive process Severe infection- post severe bought of diarrhoea caused by bacteria or virus Early life stages- people exposed to stressful events in childhood inc risk Triggers- food, stress
94
IBS population
Females under 50
95
IBS risk
Under 50 Women Family Hx Anxiety, depression, etc
96
IBS S+S
Variable, present for long time Abdominal cramping or bloating, related to passing bowel movements Changes in frequency of bowel movements Inc gas Mucus in stool m
97
IBS prognosis
- IBS does not shorten the lifespan of affected individuals or lead to major life-threatening complications in most patients - Most serious symptoms can be avoided through a controlled diet and avoiding stressful situations
98
IBD
Term describes disorders including chronic inflammation of tissue in digestive tract Chrons + ulcerative colitis
99
Crohns
Inflammation of tissues in digestive tract
100
Crohns cause
Unknown Diet and stress, aggravate but don't cause Immune system- virus/bacteria can trigger Hereditary
101
Crohns population
White people under 30
102
Crohns risk
Age- before 30 White people Family Hx Smoking NSAIDs
103
Crohns S+S
Mild- severe Usually develop gradually Diarrhoea Fever Fatigue Abdominal P and cramping Blood in stool Weight loss
104
Severe symptoms of Crohn's outside intestinal tract
Inflame or skin, eyes and Jts Inflame of liver and bile ducts Kidney stones Anaemia Delayed growth or sexual development in children
105
Crohns prognosis
No cure Treatment and lifestyle changes help disease in remission and prevent complications
106
Ulcerative colitis
Inflammation and ulcers in digestive tract
107
Ulcerative colitis cause
Unknown Diet and stress are aggravators Immune system malfunction Hereditary
108
Ulcerative colitis population
Adults before 30
109
Ulcerative colitis risk
Before 30 White people Family Hx
110
Types of ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative proctitis Proctosigmviditis Left-sided colitis Pancolitis
111
Ulcerative proctitis
Inflame is confined to rectum Rectal bleeding may be only sign
112
Proctosigmviditis
Inflame involved rectum and sigmoid colon Symptoms- bloody diarrhoea, abdominal P and cramps, inability to move bowels despite urge to do so
113
Left sided colitis
Inflam extends from rectum through sigmoid and descending portion of colon Bloody diarrhoea, abdominal cramping, P on left side, urgency to defecate
114
Pancolitits
Often entire colon Blood diarrhoea, abdominal cramps + P, fatigue, significant weight loss
115
S+S IBD
Innermost lining of large intestine and rectum Variable, depends on severity of inflammation Diarrhoea- often with blood or pus Rectal bleeding Abdominal cramping/P Weight loss Fatigue
116
Prognosis of IBD
No treatment Can treat complications rather than disease Around 10% get better after 1 attack More likely to have flare ups though life

SHF 204 Systemic conditions (6 decks)

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