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Anaphy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

It maintains the optimum level of oxygen in our body which is very important in all bodily processes

A

Respiratory system

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2
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange

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3
Q

The respiratory system also helps in maintaining ___________.

A

Acid-base balance

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4
Q

It filters the air that enters the lungs so that problems will not arise in the ________

A

Lower respiratory tract

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5
Q

Other functions of the respiratory system include

A

Containing receptors for sense of smell, production of vocal sounds also known as phonation and excretion of small amount of water and wheat

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6
Q

It is the process of supplying the body with oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide

A

Respiration

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7
Q

Is the flow of oxygen and the outflow of carbon dioxide

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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8
Q

The main goal in this step is to

A

Take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide

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9
Q

It involves the alveoli and other capillaries of the pulmonary circulation

A

External (pulmonary) respiration

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10
Q

It involves the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries while carbon dioxide diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli for excretion

A

External (pulmonary) respiration

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11
Q

is the last step which involves the body tissues and the
capillaries. In this step the blood losses its oxygen by giving it off to the tissues in exchange of
carbon dioxide which is one of the byproduct of cellular metabolism.

A

Internal (tissue) respiration

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12
Q

This process is also known as cellular respiration

A

Internal (tissue) respiration

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13
Q

The components of the upper respiratory system includes

A

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

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14
Q

It is one of the structuctural classification of the respiratory system

A

Upper respiratory system

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15
Q

Is a specialized organ which serve as the entrance air into the respiratory system

A

Nose

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16
Q

The only visible part of the respiratory system

A

External nose

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17
Q

Aside from the bony framework, the external nose also consist of

A

A hyaline cartilage which is covered by muscle and skin

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18
Q

It consist of supporting framework of bones which includes the frontal and nasal bones as well as the maxillae

A

External nose

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19
Q

Forms the anterior portion of the nasal septum

A

Septal nasal cartilage

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20
Q

inferior to nasal bones

A

Later nasal cartilages

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21
Q

opening of the nose

A

external nares

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22
Q

The nostrils will lead to a cavity known as the

A

Nasal vestibule

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23
Q

Is ciliated epithelium, with goblet cells that produce mucus

A

Nasal mucosa (lining)

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24
Q

Three shelf-like or scroll -like bones called _____ from the lateral wall of each nasal cavity

A

Conchae project

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25
Q

Production of vocal cords

A

Phonation

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26
Q

form a portion of the nostrils whch is the opening of the nose

A

alar cartilage

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27
Q

Bacteria and particles of air pollution
are trapped on

A

mucus

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28
Q

continuously sweep the mucus toward the pharynx

A

cilia

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29
Q

most bacteria present will be destroyed
by the _______ in the gastric juice

A

hydrochloric acid

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30
Q

detect vaporized chemicals that have been inhaled in the upper nasal cavities

A

olfactory receptors

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31
Q

lighten the skull
and provide resonance (more vibrating air) for the voice.

A

paranasal sinuses

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32
Q

muscular tube posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and anterior to the cervical vertebrae

A

pharynx

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33
Q

the uppermost portion which is behind the nasal cavities

A

nasopharynx

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34
Q

elevated during swallowing
to block the nasopharynx and prevent food or saliva from going up rather than down

A

soft palate

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35
Q

part of the soft palate you can see at the back of the throat.

A

uvula

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36
Q

a lymph nodule that
contains macrophages on the posterior wall of nasopharynx

A

adenoid or pharyngeal tonsil

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37
Q

permit air to
enter or leave the middle ears, allowing the eardrums to vibrate properly

A

eustachian tube

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38
Q

is behind the mouth; its mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium, continuous with that of the oral cavity. Together with the adenoid
and the lingual tonsils on the base of the tongue, they form a ring of lymphatic tissue
around the pharynx to destroy pathogens that penetrate the mucosa

A

oropharynx

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39
Q

lymph nodules on the lateral walls of oropharynx

A

palatine tonsil

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40
Q

the inferior portion of the pharynx. It opens anteriorly into the larynx and posteriorly into
the esophagus

A

laryngopharynx

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41
Q

often called the voice box, a name that indicates one of its
functions, which is speaking.

A

larynx

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42
Q

an air passageway
between the pharynx and the trachea

A

larynx

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43
Q

Air passages must be kept open at all times, and
so the larynx is made of ______ pieces of cartilage connected by ligaments.

A

nine

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44
Q

firm yet flexible tissue that prevents collapse of the larynx.

A

cartilage

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45
Q

is a collapsed tube except when food is passing through it

A

esophagus

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46
Q

The largest cartilage of the larynx in the anterior surface of the neck

A

thyroid cartilage

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47
Q

the upper-most cartilage. During swallowing, the larynx is elevated, and the _______
closes over the top, rather like a trap door or hinged lid, to prevent the entry of saliva or food
into the larynx.

A

epiglottis

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48
Q

are held at the sides of the glottis, so that air passes freely into and out of the trachea. During speaking, the
intrinsic muscles of the larynx pull them across the glottis, and exhaled air vibrates
them to produce sounds that can be turned into speech.

A

vocal cords

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49
Q

cranial nerves that are motor
nerves to the larynx for speaking are

A

vagus and accessory

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50
Q

is about 4 to 5 inches (10 to 13 cm) long and
extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi.

A

trachea

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51
Q

The wall of the trachea contains 15 to 20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage, which keep the trachea open. The gaps in these incomplete
cartilage rings are posterior, to permit the expansion of the esophagus when food is
swallowed.

A

false. 16-20

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52
Q

Their structure is just like that of the trachea,
with C-shaped cartilages and ciliated epithelium.

A

bronchi

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53
Q

Within the lungs, each primary bronchus
branches into secondary bronchi leading to the lobes of each lung (three right, two left)

A

true

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54
Q

further branching of the bronchial tubesis often called

A

bronchial tree

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55
Q

Imagine the trachea
as the trunk of an upside-down tree with extensive branches that become smaller and
smaller; these smaller branches are the

A

bronchioles

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56
Q

The smallest bronchioles
terminate in clusters of

A

alveoli

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57
Q

are located on either side of the heart in the
chest cavity and are encircled and protected by the rib cage

A

lungs

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58
Q

the base on the lung rests on

A

diaphragm

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59
Q

the apex (superior tip of the lung) is at the level of

A

clavicle

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60
Q

indention on the medial surface of the lung where the primary bronchus and the
pulmonary artery and veins enter the lung

A

hilus

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61
Q

the serous
membranes of the thoracic cavity

A

pleural membranes

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62
Q

lines the chest wall

A

parietal pleura

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63
Q

on the surface of the lungs

A

visceral pleura

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64
Q

fluid between the pleural membranes that prevents friction and keeps the two mem-branes together during breathing

A

serous fluid

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65
Q

functional units of the lungs

A

alveoli

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66
Q

flat alveolar
type I cells that form most of the alveolar walls a

A

simple squamous epithelium

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67
Q

In the spaces
between clusters of alveoli is______, which is important for exhalation

A

elastic connective tissue

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68
Q

Within the alveoli are ______ that phagocytize pathogens or other foreign material
that may not have been swept out by the ciliated epithelium of the bronchial tree

A

macrophage

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69
Q

each alveolus is surrounded by a network of

A

pulmonary capillaries

70
Q

pulmonary surfactant, a
lipoprotein secreted by alveolar type II cells, also called

A

septal cells

71
Q

mixes with
the tissue fluid within the alveoli and decreases its surface tension, permitting inflation of the
alveoli

A

Surfactant

72
Q

term for the movement of air to and from the alveoli.

A

ventilation

73
Q

2 aspects of ventilation which are brough by nervous system and respiratory system

A

inhalation and exhalation

74
Q

generates impulses to the respiratory muscles.

A

medulla

75
Q

what are the respiratory musles

A

diaphragm and the
external and internal intercostal muscles

76
Q

dome-shaped muscle below the
lungs; when it contracts, it flattens and moves downward

A

diaphragm

77
Q

found between the ribs

A

intercostal muscles

78
Q

pull the ribs upward
and outward

A

external intercostal muscles

79
Q

pull the ribs downward and inward

A

internal intercostal muscles

80
Q

result of the respiratory muscles producing changes in the pressure within
the alveoli and bronchial tree

A

ventilation

81
Q

the pressure of the air around us. At sea level, it is 760 mmHg. At higher altitudes, of course, atmospheric pressure is lower.

A

atmospheric pressure

82
Q

the pressure within the potential pleural space between the
parietal pleura and visceral pleura. This is a potential rather than areal space.

A

intrapleural pressure

83
Q

Intrapleural pressure is always slightly below atmospheric pressure (about 756
mmHg), and is called a

A

negative pressure

84
Q

the pressure within the bronchial tree and alveoli. This
pressure fluctuates below and above atmospheric pressure during each cycle of
breathing.

A

intrapulmonic pressure

85
Q

also called inspiration, is a precise sequence of events

A

inhalation

86
Q

Motor impulses from the medulla travel along the phrenic
nerves to the diaphragm and along the intercostal nerves to the external intercostal muscles.
The diaphragm contracts, moves downward, and expands the chest cavity from top to
bottom. The external intercostal muscles pull the ribs up and out, which expands the chest
cavity from side to side and front to back.

As the chest cavity is expanded, the parietal pleura expands with it. Intrapleural
pressure becomes even more negative as a sort of suction is created between the
pleural membranes. The adhesion created by the serous fluid, however, permits the visceral
pleura to be expanded too, and this expands the lungs as well.

A

true

87
Q

As the lungs expand, intrapulmonic pressure falls below atmospheric pressure,
and air enters the nose and travels through the respiratory passages to the alveoli.
Entry of air continues until intrapulmonic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure; this is a
normal inhalation. Of course, inhalation can be continued beyond normal, that is, a deep
breath. This requires a more forceful contraction of the respiratory muscles to further
expand the lungs, permitting the entry of more air

A

true

88
Q

Entry of air continues until intrapulmonic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure

A

normal inhalation

89
Q

This requires a more forceful contraction of the respiratory muscles to further
expand the lungs, permitting the entry of more air.

A

deep breath

90
Q

may also be called expiration and begins when motor impulses from the
medulla decrease and the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax.

A

exhalation

91
Q

active process that
requires muscle contraction

A

inhalation

92
Q

passive process, depending to a
great extent on the normal elasticity of healthy lungs

A

exhalation

93
Q

As the chest
cavity becomes smaller, the lungs are compressed, and their elastic connective tissue,
which was stretched during inhalation, recoils and also compresses the alveoli. As
intrapulmonic pressure rises above atmospheric pressure, air is forced out of the lungs
until the two pressures are again equal.

A

true

94
Q

exhalation that is an active process that requires contraction
of other muscles

A

forced exhalation

95
Q

Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles pulls the ribs down and in
and squeezes even more air out of the lungs. Contraction of abdominal muscles, such as the rectus abdominis, compresses the abdominal organs and pushes the diaphragm upward, which also forces more air out of the lungs.

A

true

96
Q

the amount of air involved in one normal inhalation and exhalation.

A

tidal volume

97
Q

The average tidal volume is _______, but many people often have lower tidal volumes
because of shallow breathing.

A

500 mL

98
Q

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute

A

minute respiratory volume (MRV)

99
Q

MRV is calculated by multiplying tidal volume by the number of respirations per
minute (average range: _______ per minute). If tidal volume is 500 mL and the
respiratory rate is 12 breaths per minute, the MRV is 6000 mL, or 6 liters of air per
minute, which is average. Shallow breathing usually indicates a smaller than average
tidal volume, and would thus require more respirations per minute to obtain the
necessary MRV.

A

12 to 20

100
Q

the amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be taken in with
the deepest possible inhalation.

A

inspiratory reserve

101
Q

normal inspiratory reserve

A

2000 - 3000 mL

102
Q

the amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be expelled
with the most forceful exhalation.

A

expiratory reserve

103
Q

normal expiratory reserve

A

1000 to 1500 mL

104
Q

the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve.
Stated another way, it is the amount of air involved in the deepest
inhalation followed by the most forceful exhalation

A

vital capacity

105
Q

Average range of vital capacity is

A

3500 to 5000 mL

106
Q

amount of air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful
exhalation; the average range is 1000 to 1500 mL

A

residual air

107
Q

important to
ensure that there is some air in the lungs at all times, so that exchange of gases is
a continuous process, even between breaths.

A

residual air

108
Q

volumes can be determined with instruments called
__________, which measure movement of air

A

spirometers

109
Q

A person with __________,
however, must “work” to exhale, and vital capacity and expiratory reserve volume are
often much lower than average.

A

emphysema

110
Q

the amount
of air that actually reaches the alveoli and participates in gas exchange

A

alveolar volume

111
Q

An average
tidal volume is 500 mL, of which____________ mL is in the alveoli at the end of an
inhalation

A

350-400

112
Q

The remaining 100 to 150 mL of air in tidal volume is ______, the air still within the
respiratory passages.

A

anatomic dead space

113
Q

is not normal, and is the volume of non-functioning alveoli
that decrease gas exchange. Causes of its increase include bronchitis,
pneumonia, tuberculosis,

A

physiological dead space

114
Q

normal expansibility,
is necessary for sufficient alveolar ventilation. It thus promotes sufficient gas exchange
in the alveoli.

A

normal compliance

115
Q

Fractured ribs, scoliosis, pleurisy, or ascites may
decrease .

A

thoracic compliance

116
Q

will be decreased by any condition that
increases physiologic dead space.

A

Lung compliance

117
Q

exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the
pulmonary capillaries is called

A

external respiration

118
Q

exchange of gases between
the blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid (cells) of the body.

A

internal respiration

119
Q

The air we inhale (the earth’s atmosphere) is approximately 21% oxygen and 0.04%
carbon dioxide. Although most (78%) of the atmosphere is nitrogen, this gas is not
physiologically available to us, and we simply exhale it

A

true

120
Q

The concentration of each gas in a particular site (alveolar air,
pulmonary blood, and so on) is expressed in a value called

A

partial pressure

121
Q

measured in mmHg, is the pressure it exerts within a mixture of gases,
whether the mixture is actually in a gaseous state or is in a liquid such as blood.

A

partial pressure of gas

122
Q

oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli to the blood, and carbon
dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air in the alveoli.

A

external respiration

123
Q

oxygen diffuses from the blood to tissue fluid (cells), and
carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue fluid to the blood.

A

internal respiration

124
Q

formed in the lungs where PO2 is high. This bond,
however, is relatively unstable, and when blood passes through tissues with a low PO2, the
bond breaks, and oxygen is released to the tissues.

A

oxygen-hemoglobin bond

125
Q

The higher the oxygen concentration in a
tissue, the more oxygen the hemoglobin will release.

A

false, lower

126
Q

The higher the PO2, the higher the SaO2, and as PO2 decreases, so does SaO2, though
not as rapidly.

A

true

127
Q

PO2 of 100 is an SaO2 of about 97% , as is found in

A

systemic arteries

128
Q

PO2
of 40, as is found in _______, is an SaO2 of about 75%.

A

systemic veins

129
Q

Some carbon dioxide is dissolved
in the plasma, and some is carried by hemoglobin (__________), but these account
for only about 20% of total CO2 transport.

A

carbaminohemoglobin

130
Q

Most carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma in the
form of ________

A

bicarbonate ions

131
Q

When carbon dioxide enters the blood, most diffuses into red blood cells, which
contain the enzyme _________. This enzyme (which contains zinc) catalyzes the
reaction of carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid

A

carbonic anhydrase

132
Q

The bicarbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cells into the plasma, leaving the
___________ in the red blood cells. The many _______ would tend to make the red blood
cells too acidic,

A

hydrogen ions

133
Q

acts as a buffer to prevent acidosis.

A

hemogobin

134
Q

To maintain an ionic
equilibrium, ______ from the plasma enter the red blood cells

A

chloride ions

135
Q

chloride ions (Cl–) from the plasma enter the red blood cells; this is called the

A

chloride shift

136
Q

A type of device used in some areas of medicine that exploits the behavior of gases is

A

hyperbaric chamber treatment

137
Q

a unit that can be sealed and expose
a patient to either 100 percent oxygen with increased pressure or a mixture of gases that
includes a higher concentration of oxygen than normal atmospheric air, also at a higher partial
pressure than the atmosphere

A

hyperbaric chamber

138
Q

are typically for one patient, and the staff tending to the
patient observes the patient from outside of the chamber.

A

monoplace chamber

139
Q

are large enough for multiple patients to be treated at one time, and the staff
attending these patients is present inside the chamber. Patients are
often treated with air via a mask or hood, and the chamber is pressurized

A

multiplace chambers

140
Q

Exposure to and poisoning by
carbon monoxide is difficult to reverse, because hemoglobin’s affinity for carbon monoxide is
much stronger than its affinity for oxygen, causing carbon monoxide to replace oxygen in the
blood.

A

true

141
Q

toxic to anaerobic bacteria

A

oxygen

142
Q

respiratory centers are located in the __________, which are parts of the
brain stem.

A

medulla and pons

143
Q

are the inspiration center and expiration center. The
inspiration center automatically generates impulses in rhythmic spurts.

A

medulla

144
Q

helps prevent overinflation of the lungs. As the lungs inflate, baroreceptors in lung tissue detect this stretching and generate sensory
impulses to the medulla

A

Hering-Breuer inflation reflex

145
Q

The two respiratory centers in the _______work with the inspiration center to produce a
normal rhythm of breathing.

A

pons

146
Q

prolongs inhalation, and is then
interrupted by impulses from the pneumotaxic center

A

apneustic center

147
Q

respiratory center of pons which contributes to exhalation

A

pneumotaxic center

148
Q

Inhalation lasts

A

1-2 secs

149
Q

exhalation lasts

A

2-3 secs

150
Q

enables us to
voluntarily change our breathing rate or rhythm to talk, sing, breathe faster or slower, or even
to stop breathing for 1 or 2 minutes.

A

cerebral cortex

151
Q

in resumes control from the voluntarily change of cerebral cortex

A

medulla

152
Q

are reflexes that remove irritants from the respiratory
passages; the medulla contains the centers for both of these reflexes. An
inhalation is followed by exhalation beginning with the glottis closed to build up pressure.
Then the glottis opens suddenly, and the exhalation is explosive.

A

coughing and sneezing

153
Q

stimulated
by an irritation of the nasal mucosa

A

sneezing

154
Q

stimulated by irritation of the mucosa of
the pharynx, larynx, or trachea.

A

coughing

155
Q

a reflex, are spasms of the diaphragm. The result is a quick inhalation
that is stopped when the glottis snaps shut, causing the “hic” sound. The stimulus may be
irritation of the phrenic nerves or nerves of the stomach

A

hiccups

156
Q

an irritant that
can cause hiccup

A

excessive alcohol

157
Q

respiratory reflex that is contagious

A

yawn

158
Q

refers to the effect on breathing of blood pH and blood levels of
oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

chemical regulation

159
Q

decrease in blood level of oxygen

A

hypoxia

160
Q

excess carbon dioxide which lowers the pH when it reacts with water to form carbonic acid (a
source of H+ ions). That is, excess CO2 makes the blood or other body fluids less alkaline (or
more acidic).

A

hypercapnia

161
Q

medulla contains _________ that are very sensitive to changes in pH,
especially decreases.

A

chemoreceptors

162
Q

the major regulator of respiration, and the reason
is that it affects the pH of the blood

A

carbon dioxide

163
Q

Diseases where oxygen becomes the major regulator of respiration

A

chronic pulmonary disease like emphysema

164
Q

causes alakalosis, which causes a feedback response of decreased
ventilation (to increase carbon dioxide),

A

hyperventilation

165
Q

causes acidosis, which
causes a feedback response of increased ventilation (to remove carbon dioxide).

A

hypoventilation

166
Q

initiated by stimulation of stretch receptors

A

Hering-Breuer inflation reflex

167
Q

initiated by stimulation of the compression receptors (called proprioceptors) or deactivation of stretch receptors when the lungs deflate.

A

deflation reflex

168
Q

increase in pulmonary stretch receptor activity leads to an elevation of heart rate

A

tachycardia

169
Q

A cyclical, elevated heart rate from inspiration is called ________________ and is a
normal response in youth. Inhibition of inspiration is important to allow expiration to
occur.

A

sinus arrythmia

170
Q

major nerves invloved in respiration

A

phrenic, vagus, posterior thoracic nerve

171
Q

causes alkalosis

A

vomiting

172
Q

causes acidosis

A

diarrhea

Anaphy (5 decks)

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