Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
It maintains the optimum level of oxygen in our body which is very important in all bodily processes
A
Respiratory system
2
Q
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
A
Gas exchange
3
Q
The respiratory system also helps in maintaining ___________.
A
Acid-base balance
4
Q
It filters the air that enters the lungs so that problems will not arise in the ________
A
Lower respiratory tract
5
Q
Other functions of the respiratory system include
A
Containing receptors for sense of smell, production of vocal sounds also known as phonation and excretion of small amount of water and wheat
6
Q
It is the process of supplying the body with oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide
A
Respiration
7
Q
Is the flow of oxygen and the outflow of carbon dioxide
A
Pulmonary ventilation
8
Q
The main goal in this step is to
A
Take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
9
Q
It involves the alveoli and other capillaries of the pulmonary circulation
A
External (pulmonary) respiration
10
Q
It involves the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries while carbon dioxide diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli for excretion
A
External (pulmonary) respiration
11
Q
is the last step which involves the body tissues and the
capillaries. In this step the blood losses its oxygen by giving it off to the tissues in exchange of
carbon dioxide which is one of the byproduct of cellular metabolism.
A
Internal (tissue) respiration
12
Q
This process is also known as cellular respiration
A
Internal (tissue) respiration
13
Q
The components of the upper respiratory system includes
A
The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
14
Q
It is one of the structuctural classification of the respiratory system
A
Upper respiratory system
15
Q
Is a specialized organ which serve as the entrance air into the respiratory system
A
Nose
16
Q
The only visible part of the respiratory system
A
External nose
17
Q
Aside from the bony framework, the external nose also consist of
A
A hyaline cartilage which is covered by muscle and skin
18
Q
It consist of supporting framework of bones which includes the frontal and nasal bones as well as the maxillae
A
External nose
19
Q
Forms the anterior portion of the nasal septum
A
Septal nasal cartilage
20
Q
inferior to nasal bones
A
Later nasal cartilages
21
Q
opening of the nose
A
external nares
22
Q
The nostrils will lead to a cavity known as the
A
Nasal vestibule
23
Q
Is ciliated epithelium, with goblet cells that produce mucus
A
Nasal mucosa (lining)
24
Q
Three shelf-like or scroll -like bones called _____ from the lateral wall of each nasal cavity
A
Conchae project
25
Production of vocal cords
Phonation
26
form a portion of the nostrils whch is the opening of the nose
alar cartilage
27
Bacteria and particles of air pollution
are trapped on
mucus
28
continuously sweep the mucus toward the pharynx
cilia
29
most bacteria present will be destroyed
by the _______ in the gastric juice
hydrochloric acid
30
detect vaporized chemicals that have been inhaled in the upper nasal cavities
olfactory receptors
31
lighten the skull
and provide resonance (more vibrating air) for the voice.
paranasal sinuses
32
muscular tube posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and anterior to the cervical vertebrae
pharynx
33
the uppermost portion which is behind the nasal cavities
nasopharynx
34
elevated during swallowing
to block the nasopharynx and prevent food or saliva from going up rather than down
soft palate
35
part of the soft palate you can see at the back of the throat.
uvula
36
a lymph nodule that
contains macrophages on the posterior wall of nasopharynx
adenoid or pharyngeal tonsil
37
permit air to
enter or leave the middle ears, allowing the eardrums to vibrate properly
eustachian tube
38
is behind the mouth; its mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium, continuous with that of the oral cavity. Together with the adenoid
and the lingual tonsils on the base of the tongue, they form a ring of lymphatic tissue
around the pharynx to destroy pathogens that penetrate the mucosa
oropharynx
39
lymph nodules on the lateral walls of oropharynx
palatine tonsil
40
the inferior portion of the pharynx. It opens anteriorly into the larynx and posteriorly into
the esophagus
laryngopharynx
41
often called the voice box, a name that indicates one of its
functions, which is speaking.
larynx
42
an air passageway
between the pharynx and the trachea
larynx
43
Air passages must be kept open at all times, and
so the larynx is made of ______ pieces of cartilage connected by ligaments.
nine
44
firm yet flexible tissue that prevents collapse of the larynx.
cartilage
45
is a collapsed tube except when food is passing through it
esophagus
46
The largest cartilage of the larynx in the anterior surface of the neck
thyroid cartilage
47
the upper-most cartilage. During swallowing, the larynx is elevated, and the _______
closes over the top, rather like a trap door or hinged lid, to prevent the entry of saliva or food
into the larynx.
epiglottis
48
are held at the sides of the glottis, so that air passes freely into and out of the trachea. During speaking, the
intrinsic muscles of the larynx pull them across the glottis, and exhaled air vibrates
them to produce sounds that can be turned into speech.
vocal cords
49
cranial nerves that are motor
nerves to the larynx for speaking are
vagus and accessory
50
is about 4 to 5 inches (10 to 13 cm) long and
extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi.
trachea
51
The wall of the trachea contains 15 to 20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage, which keep the trachea open. The gaps in these incomplete
cartilage rings are posterior, to permit the expansion of the esophagus when food is
swallowed.
false. 16-20
52
Their structure is just like that of the trachea,
with C-shaped cartilages and ciliated epithelium.
bronchi
53
Within the lungs, each primary bronchus
branches into secondary bronchi leading to the lobes of each lung (three right, two left)
true
54
further branching of the bronchial tubesis often called
bronchial tree
55
Imagine the trachea
as the trunk of an upside-down tree with extensive branches that become smaller and
smaller; these smaller branches are the
bronchioles
56
The smallest bronchioles
terminate in clusters of
alveoli
57
are located on either side of the heart in the
chest cavity and are encircled and protected by the rib cage
lungs
58
the base on the lung rests on
diaphragm
59
the apex (superior tip of the lung) is at the level of
clavicle
60
indention on the medial surface of the lung where the primary bronchus and the
pulmonary artery and veins enter the lung
hilus
61
the serous
membranes of the thoracic cavity
pleural membranes
62
lines the chest wall
parietal pleura
63
on the surface of the lungs
visceral pleura
64
fluid between the pleural membranes that prevents friction and keeps the two mem-branes together during breathing
serous fluid
65
functional units of the lungs
alveoli
66
flat alveolar
type I cells that form most of the alveolar walls a
simple squamous epithelium
67
In the spaces
between clusters of alveoli is______, which is important for exhalation
elastic connective tissue
68
Within the alveoli are ______ that phagocytize pathogens or other foreign material
that may not have been swept out by the ciliated epithelium of the bronchial tree
macrophage
69
each alveolus is surrounded by a network of
pulmonary capillaries
70
pulmonary surfactant, a
lipoprotein secreted by alveolar type II cells, also called
septal cells
71
mixes with
the tissue fluid within the alveoli and decreases its surface tension, permitting inflation of the
alveoli
Surfactant
72
term for the movement of air to and from the alveoli.
ventilation
73
2 aspects of ventilation which are brough by nervous system and respiratory system
inhalation and exhalation
74
generates impulses to the respiratory muscles.
medulla
75
what are the respiratory musles
diaphragm and the
external and internal intercostal muscles
76
dome-shaped muscle below the
lungs; when it contracts, it flattens and moves downward
diaphragm
77
found between the ribs
intercostal muscles
78
pull the ribs upward
and outward
external intercostal muscles
79
pull the ribs downward and inward
internal intercostal muscles
80
result of the respiratory muscles producing changes in the pressure within
the alveoli and bronchial tree
ventilation
81
the pressure of the air around us. At sea level, it is 760 mmHg. At higher altitudes, of course, atmospheric pressure is lower.
atmospheric pressure
82
the pressure within the potential pleural space between the
parietal pleura and visceral pleura. This is a potential rather than areal space.
intrapleural pressure
83
Intrapleural pressure is always slightly below atmospheric pressure (about 756
mmHg), and is called a
negative pressure
84
the pressure within the bronchial tree and alveoli. This
pressure fluctuates below and above atmospheric pressure during each cycle of
breathing.
intrapulmonic pressure
85
also called inspiration, is a precise sequence of events
inhalation
86
Motor impulses from the medulla travel along the phrenic
nerves to the diaphragm and along the intercostal nerves to the external intercostal muscles.
The diaphragm contracts, moves downward, and expands the chest cavity from top to
bottom. The external intercostal muscles pull the ribs up and out, which expands the chest
cavity from side to side and front to back.
As the chest cavity is expanded, the parietal pleura expands with it. Intrapleural
pressure becomes even more negative as a sort of suction is created between the
pleural membranes. The adhesion created by the serous fluid, however, permits the visceral
pleura to be expanded too, and this expands the lungs as well.
true
87
As the lungs expand, intrapulmonic pressure falls below atmospheric pressure,
and air enters the nose and travels through the respiratory passages to the alveoli.
Entry of air continues until intrapulmonic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure; this is a
normal inhalation. Of course, inhalation can be continued beyond normal, that is, a deep
breath. This requires a more forceful contraction of the respiratory muscles to further
expand the lungs, permitting the entry of more air
true
88
Entry of air continues until intrapulmonic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
normal inhalation
89
This requires a more forceful contraction of the respiratory muscles to further
expand the lungs, permitting the entry of more air.
deep breath
90
may also be called expiration and begins when motor impulses from the
medulla decrease and the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax.
exhalation
91
active process that
requires muscle contraction
inhalation
92
passive process, depending to a
great extent on the normal elasticity of healthy lungs
exhalation
93
As the chest
cavity becomes smaller, the lungs are compressed, and their elastic connective tissue,
which was stretched during inhalation, recoils and also compresses the alveoli. As
intrapulmonic pressure rises above atmospheric pressure, air is forced out of the lungs
until the two pressures are again equal.
true
94
exhalation that is an active process that requires contraction
of other muscles
forced exhalation
95
Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles pulls the ribs down and in
and squeezes even more air out of the lungs. Contraction of abdominal muscles, such as the rectus abdominis, compresses the abdominal organs and pushes the diaphragm upward, which also forces more air out of the lungs.
true
96
the amount of air involved in one normal inhalation and exhalation.
tidal volume
97
The average tidal volume is _______, but many people often have lower tidal volumes
because of shallow breathing.
500 mL
98
the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute
minute respiratory volume (MRV)
99
MRV is calculated by multiplying tidal volume by the number of respirations per
minute (average range: _______ per minute). If tidal volume is 500 mL and the
respiratory rate is 12 breaths per minute, the MRV is 6000 mL, or 6 liters of air per
minute, which is average. Shallow breathing usually indicates a smaller than average
tidal volume, and would thus require more respirations per minute to obtain the
necessary MRV.
12 to 20
100
the amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be taken in with
the deepest possible inhalation.
inspiratory reserve
101
normal inspiratory reserve
2000 - 3000 mL
102
the amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be expelled
with the most forceful exhalation.
expiratory reserve
103
normal expiratory reserve
1000 to 1500 mL
104
the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve.
Stated another way, it is the amount of air involved in the deepest
inhalation followed by the most forceful exhalation
vital capacity
105
Average range of vital capacity is
3500 to 5000 mL
106
amount of air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful
exhalation; the average range is 1000 to 1500 mL
residual air
107
important to
ensure that there is some air in the lungs at all times, so that exchange of gases is
a continuous process, even between breaths.
residual air
108
volumes can be determined with instruments called
__________, which measure movement of air
spirometers
109
A person with __________,
however, must “work” to exhale, and vital capacity and expiratory reserve volume are
often much lower than average.
emphysema
110
the amount
of air that actually reaches the alveoli and participates in gas exchange
alveolar volume
111
An average
tidal volume is 500 mL, of which____________ mL is in the alveoli at the end of an
inhalation
350-400
112
The remaining 100 to 150 mL of air in tidal volume is ______, the air still within the
respiratory passages.
anatomic dead space
113
is not normal, and is the volume of non-functioning alveoli
that decrease gas exchange. Causes of its increase include bronchitis,
pneumonia, tuberculosis,
physiological dead space
114
normal expansibility,
is necessary for sufficient alveolar ventilation. It thus promotes sufficient gas exchange
in the alveoli.
normal compliance
115
Fractured ribs, scoliosis, pleurisy, or ascites may
decrease .
thoracic compliance
116
will be decreased by any condition that
increases physiologic dead space.
Lung compliance
117
exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the
pulmonary capillaries is called
external respiration
118
exchange of gases between
the blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid (cells) of the body.
internal respiration
119
The air we inhale (the earth’s atmosphere) is approximately 21% oxygen and 0.04%
carbon dioxide. Although most (78%) of the atmosphere is nitrogen, this gas is not
physiologically available to us, and we simply exhale it
true
120
The concentration of each gas in a particular site (alveolar air,
pulmonary blood, and so on) is expressed in a value called
partial pressure
121
measured in mmHg, is the pressure it exerts within a mixture of gases,
whether the mixture is actually in a gaseous state or is in a liquid such as blood.
partial pressure of gas
122
oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli to the blood, and carbon
dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air in the alveoli.
external respiration
123
oxygen diffuses from the blood to tissue fluid (cells), and
carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue fluid to the blood.
internal respiration
124
formed in the lungs where PO2 is high. This bond,
however, is relatively unstable, and when blood passes through tissues with a low PO2, the
bond breaks, and oxygen is released to the tissues.
oxygen-hemoglobin bond
125
The higher the oxygen concentration in a
tissue, the more oxygen the hemoglobin will release.
false, lower
126
The higher the PO2, the higher the SaO2, and as PO2 decreases, so does SaO2, though
not as rapidly.
true
127
PO2 of 100 is an SaO2 of about 97% , as is found in
systemic arteries
128
PO2
of 40, as is found in _______, is an SaO2 of about 75%.
systemic veins
129
Some carbon dioxide is dissolved
in the plasma, and some is carried by hemoglobin (__________), but these account
for only about 20% of total CO2 transport.
carbaminohemoglobin
130
Most carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma in the
form of ________
bicarbonate ions
131
When carbon dioxide enters the blood, most diffuses into red blood cells, which
contain the enzyme _________. This enzyme (which contains zinc) catalyzes the
reaction of carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid
carbonic anhydrase
132
The bicarbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cells into the plasma, leaving the
___________ in the red blood cells. The many _______ would tend to make the red blood
cells too acidic,
hydrogen ions
133
acts as a buffer to prevent acidosis.
hemogobin
134
To maintain an ionic
equilibrium, ______ from the plasma enter the red blood cells
chloride ions
135
chloride ions (Cl–) from the plasma enter the red blood cells; this is called the
chloride shift
136
A type of device used in some areas of medicine that exploits the behavior of gases is
hyperbaric chamber treatment
137
a unit that can be sealed and expose
a patient to either 100 percent oxygen with increased pressure or a mixture of gases that
includes a higher concentration of oxygen than normal atmospheric air, also at a higher partial
pressure than the atmosphere
hyperbaric chamber
138
are typically for one patient, and the staff tending to the
patient observes the patient from outside of the chamber.
monoplace chamber
139
are large enough for multiple patients to be treated at one time, and the staff
attending these patients is present inside the chamber. Patients are
often treated with air via a mask or hood, and the chamber is pressurized
multiplace chambers
140
Exposure to and poisoning by
carbon monoxide is difficult to reverse, because hemoglobin’s affinity for carbon monoxide is
much stronger than its affinity for oxygen, causing carbon monoxide to replace oxygen in the
blood.
true
141
toxic to anaerobic bacteria
oxygen
142
respiratory centers are located in the __________, which are parts of the
brain stem.
medulla and pons
143
are the inspiration center and expiration center. The
inspiration center automatically generates impulses in rhythmic spurts.
medulla
144
helps prevent overinflation of the lungs. As the lungs inflate, baroreceptors in lung tissue detect this stretching and generate sensory
impulses to the medulla
Hering-Breuer inflation reflex
145
The two respiratory centers in the _______work with the inspiration center to produce a
normal rhythm of breathing.
pons
146
prolongs inhalation, and is then
interrupted by impulses from the pneumotaxic center
apneustic center
147
respiratory center of pons which contributes to exhalation
pneumotaxic center
148
Inhalation lasts
1-2 secs
149
exhalation lasts
2-3 secs
150
enables us to
voluntarily change our breathing rate or rhythm to talk, sing, breathe faster or slower, or even
to stop breathing for 1 or 2 minutes.
cerebral cortex
151
in resumes control from the voluntarily change of cerebral cortex
medulla
152
are reflexes that remove irritants from the respiratory
passages; the medulla contains the centers for both of these reflexes. An
inhalation is followed by exhalation beginning with the glottis closed to build up pressure.
Then the glottis opens suddenly, and the exhalation is explosive.
coughing and sneezing
153
stimulated
by an irritation of the nasal mucosa
sneezing
154
stimulated by irritation of the mucosa of
the pharynx, larynx, or trachea.
coughing
155
a reflex, are spasms of the diaphragm. The result is a quick inhalation
that is stopped when the glottis snaps shut, causing the “hic” sound. The stimulus may be
irritation of the phrenic nerves or nerves of the stomach
hiccups
156
an irritant that
can cause hiccup
excessive alcohol
157
respiratory reflex that is contagious
yawn
158
refers to the effect on breathing of blood pH and blood levels of
oxygen and carbon dioxide
chemical regulation
159
decrease in blood level of oxygen
hypoxia
160
excess carbon dioxide which lowers the pH when it reacts with water to form carbonic acid (a
source of H+ ions). That is, excess CO2 makes the blood or other body fluids less alkaline (or
more acidic).
hypercapnia
161
medulla contains _________ that are very sensitive to changes in pH,
especially decreases.
chemoreceptors
162
the major regulator of respiration, and the reason
is that it affects the pH of the blood
carbon dioxide
163
Diseases where oxygen becomes the major regulator of respiration
chronic pulmonary disease like emphysema
164
causes alakalosis, which causes a feedback response of decreased
ventilation (to increase carbon dioxide),
hyperventilation
165
causes acidosis, which
causes a feedback response of increased ventilation (to remove carbon dioxide).
hypoventilation
166
initiated by stimulation of stretch receptors
Hering-Breuer inflation reflex
167
initiated by stimulation of the compression receptors (called proprioceptors) or deactivation of stretch receptors when the lungs deflate.
deflation reflex
168
increase in pulmonary stretch receptor activity leads to an elevation of heart rate
tachycardia
169
A cyclical, elevated heart rate from inspiration is called ________________ and is a
normal response in youth. Inhibition of inspiration is important to allow expiration to
occur.
sinus arrythmia
170
major nerves invloved in respiration
phrenic, vagus, posterior thoracic nerve
171
causes alkalosis
vomiting
172
causes acidosis
diarrhea
