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Anaphy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

organs involved in the digestion of food

A

digestive system

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2
Q

a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus through the thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities

A

Alimentary canal/ Gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

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3
Q

the length of the GI tract is about 5–7 meters (16.5–23 ft)
in a living person when the muscles along the wall of the GI tract organs are in a state of _____ (sustained contraction).

A

tonus

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4
Q

Teeth-Tongue-Salivary glands-Liver, Gallbladder- Pancreas

A

Accessory structures or gland organs

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5
Q

aid in the physical breakdown of food,

A

teeth

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6
Q

assists in chewing and
swallowing

A

tongue

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7
Q

taking food into mouth. This process involves taking foods and liquids into the mouth (eating)

A

ingestion

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8
Q

release of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into lumen of GI tract

A

secretion

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9
Q

Each day, cells within the walls of the GI tract and accessory digestive organs secrete
a total of about _______liters of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the lumen (interior
space) of the tract.

A

7

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10
Q

churning and movement of food through GI tract

A

mixing and propulsion

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11
Q

Alternating________ of smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract
mix food and secretions and move them toward the anus

A

contractions and relaxations

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12
Q

capability of the GI
tract to mix and move material along its length

A

motility

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13
Q

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

A

digestion

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14
Q

the teeth cut and grind food before it is swallowed, and then
smooth muscles of the stomach and small intestine churn the food to further assist
the process. As a result, food molecules become dissolved and thoroughly mixed with
digestive enzymes.

A

mechanical digestion

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15
Q

the _____ cut and grind food before it is swallowed, and then
________of the stomach and _______ churn the food to further assist
the process. As a result, food molecules become dissolved and thoroughly mixed with
__________.

A

teeth
smooth muscles and small intestine
digestive enzymes

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16
Q

the large carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and
nucleic acid molecules in food are split into smaller molecules by hydrolysis. Digestive
enzymes produced by the salivary glands, tongue, stomach, pancreas, and small
intestine catalyze these catabolic reactions.

A

chemical digestion

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17
Q

the large carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and
nucleic acid molecules in food are split into smaller molecules by _______.
_______ produced by the salivary glands, tongue, stomach, pancreas, and small
intestine catalyze these catabolic reactions.

A

hydrolysis
Digestive enzymes

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18
Q

substances in food can be
absorbed without chemical digestion.

A

vitamins, ions, cholesterol, water

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19
Q

passage of digested products from GI tract into blood and lymph

A

absorption

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20
Q

The entrance of ingested and secreted fluids, ions, and the products of digestion into
the epithelial cells lining the lumen of the GI tract is called ______. The absorbed
substances pass into blood or lymph and circulate to cells throughout the body

A

absorption

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21
Q

elimination of feces from GI tract.

A

defecation

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22
Q

Wastes, indigestible substances, bacteria, cells sloughed from the lining of the GI
tract, and digested materials that were not absorbed in their journey through the
digestive tract leave the body through the anus in a process called

A

defecation

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23
Q

eliminated material is termed

A

feces

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24
Q

4 layers of GI tract

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa/adventitia

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25
Q

mucous membrane lining the alimentary tract

A

mucosa

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26
Q

layer of mucosa that is in direct contact with the contents of the GI tract

A

epithelium

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27
Q

in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal is mainly ______ that serves a protective function

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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28
Q

functions in secretion and absorption, lines the
stomach and intestines.

A

simple columnar epithelium

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29
Q

secrete hormones to the bloodstream

A

endocrine cells (enteroendocrine cells)

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30
Q

secrete mucus and fluid into the lumen of the GI tract

A

exocrine cells

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31
Q

layer of mucosa that is composed of loose areolar connective tissue to which the epithelial cells are
attached

A

lamina propria

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32
Q

contains nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels which are the routes by which
nutrients absorbed into the GI tract reach the other tissues of the body.

A

lamina propria

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33
Q

Contains MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

A

lamina propria

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34
Q

contains immune system cells that protect the body against infection
or diseases. Found in the tonsils, appendix, SI, and LI

A

MALT

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35
Q

thin layer of smooth muscle which throws the mucous membrane of the stomach
and small intestine into many small folds, which increase the surface area for
digestion and absorption.

A

muscularis mucosae

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36
Q

Its movements ensure that all absorptive cells are fully
exposed to the contents of the GI tract.

A

muscularis mucosae

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37
Q

Inner layer of muscularis mucosae

A

circular layer

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38
Q

outer layer of muscularis mucosae

A

longitudinal

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39
Q

thick layer of areolar connective tissue that binds mucosa to the muscularis layer

A

submucosa

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40
Q

HIGHLY VASCULARIZED that receive absorbed food molecules

A

submucosa

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41
Q

contains SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS/ PLEXUS OF MEISSNER

A

submucosa

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42
Q

a portion of the ANS: Enteric Nervous System that regulates/innervates the secretory cells of GIT

A

Plexus of Meissner

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43
Q

part of submucosa which is responsible in voluntary swallowing
*mouth, pharynx, superior and middle part of the esophagus, external anal spinchter
-which permits voluntary control of defecation

A

skeletal muscles

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44
Q

part of submucosa which is responsible in involuntary contractions
-throughout the rest of the GIT especially at the intestines

A

smooth muscles

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45
Q

contains the major nerve of the GIT and is parasympathetic

A

smooth muscles

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46
Q

controls GI motility/peristalsis

A

Myenteric Plexus or Plexus of Auerbach

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47
Q

increases GI motility

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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48
Q

layer of GI tract that is superficial or outermost layer; is a serous membrane composed of areolar connective
tissue and simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium).

A

serosa

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49
Q

ADVENTITIA of the esophagus (the esophagus lacks a serosa; instead, only a single
layer of areolar connective tissue)

A

serosa

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50
Q

lacks a serosa

A

esophagus

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51
Q

layer of GI tract that contains VISCERAL PERITONIUM (membrane that covers an organ of the GIT); because it forms
a portion of the peritoneum,

A

serosa

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52
Q

membrane that covers an organ of the GIT

A

visceral peritoneum

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53
Q

largest serous membrane of the bod

A

peritoneum

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54
Q

made up of the large folds that bind the organs together and to the
walls of the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

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55
Q

2 layers of peritoneum

A

simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue

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56
Q

type of peritoneum that lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cvity

A

parietal peritoneum

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57
Q

type of peritoneum that lines the organ in the abdominal cavity

A

visceral peritoneum

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58
Q

space between the parietal & visceral peritoneum

A

peritoneal cavity

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59
Q

type of peritoneum that are double layers of serous membrane

A

mesentery

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60
Q

A fan-shaped fold of the peritoneum

A

mesentery

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61
Q

contains blood and lymphatic vesssels and nerves supplying the abdominal
organs

A

mesentery

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62
Q

Holds GI in place
*the tip of the fold binds the SI to the posterior portion of the abdominal wall

A

mesentery

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63
Q

binds the LI to the posterior abdominal wall

A

mesocolon

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64
Q

carries blood vessels and lymphatic vessels to the intestines

A

mesocolon

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65
Q

“sickle-shaped” peritoneal fold

A

falciform

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66
Q

attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

A

falciform

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67
Q

the only digestive organ attached to the anterior abdominal wall

A

liver

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68
Q

fast skin

A

omentum

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69
Q

suspends the stomach and doudenum from the liver

A

lesser omentum

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70
Q

pathway for blood vessels entering the liver and contains the hepatic
portal vein, common hepatic artery, and common bile duct, along with some
lymph nodes.

A

lesser omentum

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71
Q

largest peritoneal fold

A

greater omentum

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72
Q

it hangs loosely like a fatty portion over the transverse colon and coils to the SI

A

greater omentum

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73
Q

extends downward anterior to the SI then it extends upward and attaches to
the transverse colon

A

greater omentum

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74
Q

Greater omentum normally contains a considerable amount of _______, which can greatly expand with weight gain, contributing
to the characteristic “beer belly” seen in some overweight individuals.

A

adipose tissue

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75
Q

consists of mastication and movements of the gastrointestinal
tract that aid chemical digestion.

A

mechanical digestion

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76
Q

series of hydrolysis reactions that break down large
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in foods into smaller molecules that
are usable by body cells.

A

chemical digestion

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77
Q

Folds of peritoneum

A

mesentery, mesocolon, falciform ligament, lesser
omentum, and greater omentum

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78
Q

extends from the lips to the oropharynx

A

mouth/ buccal cavity

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79
Q

fleshy folds surrounding the opening of the mouth. They contain the
orbicularis oris muscle and are covered externally by skin and internally by a mucous
membrane

A

lips/labia

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80
Q

middle fold of the mouth

A

labial frenulum

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81
Q

space between the gums and teeth

A

vestibule

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82
Q

opening between oral cavity and pharynx

A

fauces

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83
Q

anterior portion of roof of the mouth

A

hard palate

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84
Q

posterior portion of the roof of the mouth

A

soft palate

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85
Q

lateral walls of the oral cavity

A

cheeks

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86
Q

conical muscular process hanging from the soft palate

A

uvula

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87
Q

a fold of mucous membrane in the midline of the undersurface of
the tongue, is attached to the floor of the mouth and aids in limiting the movement of
the tongue posteriorly

A

lingual frenulum

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88
Q

accessory digestive organs located in sockets of the alveolar processes of the mandible
and maxillae.

A

teeth/ dentes

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89
Q

part of tooth that is the visible portion above the level of the gums

A

crown

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90
Q

part of tooth that is the constricted junction of the crown and root near the gum line

A

neck

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91
Q

part of tooth that is embedded in the socket are one to three ______.

A

roots

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92
Q

a calcified connective tissue that gives a tooth its shape and rigidity; encloses
the pulp cavity

A

dentin

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93
Q

it is harder than the bone because of its higher content of Ca salts
*70% of its dry weight consists of Ca salts

A

dentin

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94
Q

-lies in the crown and is filled up with PULP or connective tissue
-contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels

A

pulp cavity

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95
Q

a narrow extension of the pulp cavity that runs thru the root of the tooth

A

root canal

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96
Q

an opening at the base of the root canal thru which blood vessels, lymphatics
and nerve pass thru or enter

A

apical foramen

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97
Q

the HARDEST substance of the body
-the richest with Ca salts: Ca phosphate and Ca carbonate (95% of its dryweight)
-covers the dentin

A

enamel

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98
Q

protects the tooth from “wear-and-tear” when chewing

A

enamel

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99
Q

a bone-like substance which attaches the root to the periodontal ligament

A

cementum

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100
Q

covers the dentin of the root of the tooth

A

cementum

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101
Q

sockets where the teeth are rooted on

A

alveoli

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102
Q

-lines the alveolar wall

A

periodontal membrane

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103
Q

extend slightly into each socket forming gingival sulcus

A

gingivae/ gums

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104
Q

anchors/holds the teeth in position and acts as shock-absorber when chewing

A

periodontal ligament

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105
Q

Type of teeth that has 10 pairs; 1 pair of teeth appears each month until all the 20 are present
-start to fall of between the ages of 6 and 13 and be replaced by permanent teeth

A

temporary/milk teeth/baby teeth/ deciduous teeth

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106
Q

falling out

A

decidu

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107
Q

type of teeth that has 32 or 16 paires
-incisors, canine, first molar, and second molar

A

permanent/secondary teeth

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108
Q

permanent teeth that has 4 pairs: 2 pairs of central & 2 pairs lateral

A

incisors

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109
Q

permanent teeth that has 2 pairs of poined cusps for tearing

A

canines/cuspids

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110
Q

permanent teeth that has
1st: 2 pairs
2nd: 2 pairs

A

premolars/bicuspids

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111
Q

permanent teeth
1st (2 pairs) erupt t age 6-7
2nd (2 pairs) erupt at age 11-13
3rd (2 pairs) erupt at age 17-21

A

molars

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112
Q

-results from chewing (Mastication) thru the coordinated functions of the tongue
and teeth

A

mechanical digestion

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113
Q

ingested foods in mechanical digestion is reduced to soft, flexible mass called

A

bolus

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114
Q

it is facilitated by the action of 2 enzymes

A

chemical digestion

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115
Q

enzyme for chemical digestion that breaks down starch

A

Salivary amylase

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116
Q

enzyme for chemical digestion that starts the breakdown of triglycerides into f.a and monoglycerides

A

lingual lipase

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117
Q

keep food between teeth

A

cheeks and lips

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118
Q

secrete saliva

A

salivary gland

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119
Q

move tongue from side to side and in and out

A

extrinsic tongue muscles

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120
Q

alter shape of toungue

A

intrinsic tongue muscle

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121
Q

serve as receptor for gustation and presence of food in mouth

A

taste buds

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122
Q

secrete lingual lipase

A

lingual glands

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123
Q

cut, tear, and pulverize food

A

teeth

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124
Q

the common passageway of food, air and fluid

A

pharynx

125
Q

When food is first swallowed, it passes from the mouth into the _______ ( throat), a
funnel-shaped tube that extends from the internal nares to the esophagus posteriorly
and to the larynx anteriorly

A

pharynx

126
Q

structure in the pharynx which is the conical muscular process hanging from the free border of the soft palate
*together with the soft palate, it closes of te nasopharynx preventing
swallowed food or fluid to enter nasal cavity

A

uvula

127
Q

structure of the pharynx which is the anterior arch/pillar

A

palatoglossal arch

128
Q

structure of the pharynx which is the posterior arch/pillar

A

palatopharyngeal arch

129
Q

a collapsible muscular tube, about 25 cm (10 in.) long, that lies posterior to the trachea. It begins at the inferior end of the laryngopharynx, passes through the inferior
aspect of the neck, and enters the mediastinum anterior to the vertebral column.

A

Esophagus

130
Q

esophagus pierces the diaphragm through an opening called the _______, and ends in the
superior portion of the stomach.

A

Esophageal Hiatus

131
Q

the movement of bolus thru the esophagus is facilitated by

A

peristalsis and mucus

132
Q

The involuntary and coordinated contraction and relaxation of the circular
and longitudinal muscles of the esophagus

A

peristalsis

133
Q

secreted by the esophageal glands lubricates the bolus and reduces friction

A

mucus

134
Q

made up of circular muscles that regulates the movement of food into and out of the
esophagus

A

esophageal sphincters

135
Q

relaxation of this spinchter allows the movement of food from the pharynx into
the esophagus

A

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

136
Q

regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach.

A

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

137
Q
  • the movement of food from the mouth to the stomach
    -Facilitated by the secretion of saliva and mucus and involves the mouth,
    pharynx, and esophagus.
A

deglutition (swallowing)

138
Q

stage of deglutition whereas bolus is forced backward into the oropharyx thru the movement of
the tongue

A

voluntary stage

139
Q

stage of deglutition whereas involuntary passage of the bolus from the oropharynx into the
laryngopharynx
*as the larynx rises, the epiglottis move backward and downward, sealing off the
rima glottides: this movement pulls the vocal cords together, sealing off the
respiratory tract while widening the opening between the laryngopharynx and
esophagus

A

pharyngeal stage

140
Q

stage of deglutition whereas involuntary passage of bolus from the laryngopharynx to
esophagus into the stomach

A

esophageal stage

141
Q

The esophageal stage of swallowing begins once the _______enters the _________. During
this phase, _________, a progression of coordinated contractions and relaxations of the
circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis, pushes the bolus onward.

A

bolus, esophagus
peristalsis

142
Q

Swallowing starts when the bolus is forced to the back of the oral cavity and into the
_____ by the movement of the tongue upward and backward against the ________;
these actions constitute the ______. With the passage of the bolus
into the oropharynx, the __________ of swallowing begins. The bolus
stimulates receptors in the oropharynx, which send impulses to the deglutition center in
the _____ and lower _______ of the brain stem. The returning impulses cause
the_______ and _____ to move upward to close off the nasopharynx, which prevents
swallowed foods and liquids from entering the ______. In addition, the _____
closes off the opening to the larynx, which prevents the bolus from entering the rest of
the ____________. The bolus moves through the _________ and the________.
Once the _______________ relaxes, the bolus moves into the ___________.

A

oropharynx, palate
voluntary stage of swallowing
involuntary stage of swallowing
medulla oblongata, pons
soft palate, uvula, nasal cavity
epiglottis, respiratory tract
oropharynx, laryngopharynx
upper esophageal sphincter, esophagus

143
Q

Peristalsis
occurs in other tubular structures, including other parts of the GI tract and the ureters,
bile ducts, and uterine tubes; in the esophagus it is controlled by the ____________.

A

medulla oblongata

144
Q
  1. In the section of the esophagus just superior to the bolus, the____________
    contract, constricting the ____________ and squeezing the bolus toward the
    stomach.
  2. ______________ inferior to the bolus also contract, which shortens this inferior
    section and pushes its walls outward so it can receive the bolus. The contractions are repeated in waves that push the food toward the stomach. Steps 1 and 2 repeat until
    the bolus reaches the______________.
  3. The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes and the bolus moves into the ______________.
A

circular muscle fibers, esophageal wall
longitudinal fibers
lower esophageal sphincter muscles
stomach

145
Q

secreted by esophageal glands lubricates the bolus and reduces friction.

A

mucus

146
Q

The passage of solid or semisolid food from the mouth to the stomach takes 4 to 8 seconds

A

4 to 8 seconds

147
Q

very soft foods and liquids pass through in about 1 second

A

1 second

148
Q

Mastification- Bolus- chemical receptors in the oropharynx- impulses are sent to the
Deglutition Area (M.O. and Pons)-innervation of the organs

A

true

149
Q

mechanism that move foods from the mouth into the stomach. Breathing is temporarily interrupted

A

deglutition

150
Q

shapes the chewed, lubricated food(bolus) and moves it into the back of the mouth cavity

A

tongue

151
Q

rises against the palate and closes the nasopharynx

A

tongue

152
Q

seal off the nasal cavity

A

uvula and soft palate

153
Q

covers the larynx

A

epiglottis

154
Q

lubricates esophagus for smooth passage of bolus

A

mucus

155
Q

J-shaped enlargement of the GI tract directly inferior to the diaphragm in the abdomen

A

stomach

156
Q

connects the esophagus to the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine

A

stomach

157
Q

located at the epigastric, umbilical region & left of hypochondriac region of the abdomen

A

stomach

158
Q

where bolus is converted into CHYME (food in liquid form)

A

stomach

159
Q

bolus is converted into _____ which is its liquid form

A

chyme

160
Q

serves as a mixing vat & holding reservoir

A

stomach

161
Q

capacity of stomach

A

1.5 L

162
Q

where the chemical digestion of CHON starts & digestion of triglycerides continues

A

stomach

163
Q

area around cardiac opening; surrounds the opening of the esophagus into the
stomach.

A

cardia

164
Q

rounded portion, superior & left of cardia

A

fundus

165
Q

area of stomach inferior to the fundus; largest portion

A

body

166
Q

connects to the duodenum

A

pylorus

167
Q

part of pylorus that connects to the body of the stomach

A

pyloric opening/antrum

168
Q

part of pylorus that leads to the third region

A

pyloric canal

169
Q

The pylorus communicates with the duodenum of the small
intestine via a smooth muscle sphincter

A

pyloric sphincter

170
Q

wrinkles and large folds of mucosa & submucosa (when the stomach is empty, the mucosa
forms large folds called rugae)

A

rugae

171
Q

curve of the stomach, right border; medial concave

A

lesser curvature

172
Q

curve of the stomach, left border; lateral convex

A

greater curvature

173
Q

layers of simple columnar epithelial cells

A

mucosa

174
Q

made up of 5 types of cells
-these epithelial cells extend down into the lamina propia where they form
columns of Secretory Cells called Gastric Glands

A

epithelial layer of mucosa

175
Q

secretory cells that release their secretions through the Gastric Pits

A

gastric glands

176
Q

a narrow channel where the secretion of the gastric glands flow into
the lumen of the stomach

A

gastric pits

177
Q

type of gastric glands

A

exocrine and endocrine gland cells

178
Q

exocrine gland cell that secrete mucus

A

mucous neck cells

179
Q

exocrine gland cells= that secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase in exocrine gland cells

A

chief cells/ zymogenic cells

180
Q

exocrine gland cells that secrete hydrochloric acid; intrinsic factor needed for the
absorption of Vit B12

A

parietal cells

181
Q

Lack of the intrinsic factor results to ____________ bec. Vit
B12 is necessary for RBC production

A

pernicious anemia

182
Q

Consist of the secretions of the mucous neck cells, chief (zymogenic cells) &
the parietal cells
- 2000 to 3000 ml/day

A

gastric juice

183
Q

endocrine cells that secrete he hormone Gastrin into the bloodstream

A

G-cells

184
Q

endocrine gland cells that secrete mucus that coats and
protects the lining of the stomach

A

mucous surface cells (MSC)

185
Q

made up of 3 layers of smooth muscles that allows the stomach to churn
food and break them into small particles & mix them with gastric juice

A

muscularis

186
Q

made up of smooth muscles

A

muscularis mucosae

187
Q

3 smooth muscles in muscularis

A

inner oblique, middle circular, and outer longitudinal

188
Q

covers the stomach; part of the visceral peritoneum

A

serosa

189
Q

at the__________, serosa extends superiority to the liver as the lesser
omentum

A

lesser curvature

190
Q

at the _____________, serosa continues inferiorly as the greater omentum &
drapes over the intestines

A

greater curvature

191
Q

function of stomach the mixing waves or peristaltic movement pass every 15-25 sec
-bolus is reduced to its liquid form called chime juice

A

mixing of food

192
Q

function of stomach for storing food

A

reservoir of food

193
Q

the storage area (food remains without being mixed with gastric juice in 1 hr)

A

fundus

194
Q

solid foods stay the stomach for _______ hrs

A

4-5

195
Q

liquid foods stay in the stomach for ____hrs

A

2-4

196
Q

function of stomach that is the combination of the different types of muscles enables the stomach to break food into
smaller pieces

A

churning of food

197
Q

______ in the stomach absorb water, ions, & short-chain
fatty acids as well as certain drugs

A

mucous cells

198
Q

digestion activities are initiated by impulses from the brain specifically
the cerebral cortex & feeding center in the hypothalamus

A

cephalic phase

199
Q

mocus as the stimulation of gastric contraction & secretion continues;
governed by the Neural & hormonl mechanisms

A

Gastric phase

200
Q

starts with the activation of the receptors in the small intestines

A

intestinal phase

201
Q

reflexes initiated during the ___________ phases stimulate secretory activity & GI
motility

A

cephalic and gastric

202
Q

During the ______ phase, inhibitory mechanisms occur

A

intestinal

203
Q

Cephalic Phase
a- Prasympathetic postganglionic fibers of the submucosal plexus (Plexus of
Meissner)
b- Passing through the medulla oblongata
c- Parasympathetic preganglionic fiber of CN X (Vagus Nerve)
d- Transmission of the impulses to the cerebral cortex & feeding center at the
hypothalamus
e- Smell, sight, thought of a certain food
f- Increased release of these gastric secretions from the gastric glands
g- Stimulation of the sensory receptors
h- Stimulation/innervations of the secretory cells
*parietal cells: HCl & intrinsic factor
*Chief cells: pepsinogen & gastric lipases
*mucus cells: mucus

A

e
g
d
b
c
a
h
f

204
Q

Gastric phase (neural mechanism)
a- Increased secretion of gastric juice & increase peristalsis/ motility
b- Vagus nerve (parasympathetic stimulation)
c- Food
d- Impulses are conveyed to the vagus nerve
e- Stimulation of the stretch receptors (detect stomach distention) & the
chemical receptors (detect changes in pH of gastric content
f- Submucosal plexus
g- To the medulla oblongata
h- 1) Food mixes with gastric juice
2) As peristaltic waves become stronger, a small of Chyme squirts through
the pyloric sphinchter (10-15 ml/ 2-3 tsp of chime)

A

c
e
d
g
b
f
a
h

205
Q

Gastric phase (hormonal mechanism)
- Partially digested CHONs buffer/ neutralize hydrogen ions
- increase in the pH of gastric contents
stretching of the smooth muscles of the stomach/distention of the stomach
-stimulation of the stretch receptors (mechanoreceptors) and chemical
receptors
-Parasympathetic fibers are stimulated
-Release of acetylcholine
-Ach stimulates secretion of gastrin by the enteroendocrine/ G cells
-Release of gastrin into the bloodstream
Gastrin acts on the target organs/cells
-Stimulate the growth of gastric glands
*increases secretion of gastric juice
*strengthens contraction of LES
*relaxes the pyloric spinchter & ileocecal spinchter
increases mobility of the stomach
-the release of gastrin is stimulated when the pH increases and is inhibited when
the pH is below 2 (acidic)

A
206
Q

Intestinal phase
- Entrance of chime with fatty acids & glucose into the SI
- Stimulation of the enteroendocrine cells of the mucosal layer of the SI
- Release of 3 hormones in the blood
*GIP (Gastric inhibitory peptide)- ingibits gastric secretion and gastric motility &
emptying
*Secretin- stimulates release of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate; stimulates bile
secretion; decreases gastric secretions
*CCK (cholecytokinin)- stimulates release of pancreatic juice rich in digestive
enzymes; nduces satiety
- The presence of chime containing f.a. & glucose distends the duodenum
- Stimulation of stretch receptors
- Impulses are sent to the medulla oblongata
- Inhibitory signals are sent to submucosal plexus
- Stomach is inhibited to secrete gastric secretion inhibition GI motility

A
207
Q

Regulation of Gastric emptying
a- Gastric emptying (passage of chime from the stomach into the duodenum)
b- Increase in gastrin secretion (hormonal mechanism)
Increase vagus nerve stimulation (neural mechanism)
c- Distention of the stomach because of chime/ the presence of partially digested CHON or
other substances like alcohol & caffeine
d- Contraction of the LES
Increase motility of the stomach
Relaxation of the pyloric spinchter

A

c
b
d
a

208
Q

Inhibition of gastric emptying
a- Initiation of enterogastric reflex — Increase in the secretion of CCK
b- Impulses propagate from the duodenum to the stomach
c- Distention of the duodenum; presence of f.a., glucose and partially digested CHON in the
duodenal chyme
d- Inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
Decreased stomach motility
Decreased gastric emptying

A

c
a
b
d

209
Q

longest portion of the GIT about 5m long & 2.5 cm dm

A

small intestine

210
Q

where almost digestion & absorption occur
-chyme remains for 3-5 hrs

A

small intestines

211
Q

distal end of pyloric sphincter

A

cecum

212
Q

shortest region of small intestine,
and is retroperitoneal. It starts at
the pyloric sphincter of the
stomach and is in the form of a C-shaped tube that extends about
25 cm (10 in.) until it merges with
the jejunum;

A

duodenum

213
Q

means “12”; it is so
named because it is about as long
as the width of 12 fingers.
-receives secretions from liver
(bile) & pancreas (pancreatic
juice)

A

duodenum

214
Q

in the small intestine about 1 m (3 ft) long and extends to the ileum.. - means “empty,” which is how it is found at death.

A

jejunum

215
Q

the final and longest region of the small intestine

A

ileum

216
Q

ileum joins the large intestine at a smooth muscle sphincter
called the

A

ileocecal sphincter (valve)

217
Q

epithelium mucosa of the small intestine is made up of ____ types of cell

A

4

218
Q

digest and absorb nutrients; release enzymes that digest food
and contain microvilli that absorb nutrients in small intestinal chyme

A

absorptive cells

219
Q

apical membrane of absorptive cells forms

A

microvilli

220
Q

increase the surface area for absorption

A

microvilli

221
Q

secrete mucus in the mucosa of small intestines

A

goblet cells

222
Q

secrete lysozyme: a bacterial enzyme

A

paneth cells

223
Q

by the S cells- secretes pancreatic juice

A

secretin

224
Q

by the CCK cells

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

225
Q

K cells

A

GIP (gastric inhibitory peptides)

226
Q

numerous at the distal portion of the ileum

A

solitary lymphatic lymph nodes

227
Q

group of lymphatic nodules at the ileum
-help destroy microbes from the SI

A

payer’s patches

228
Q

permanent ridges
Villi-finger-like structures of mucosa
-increase the surface area for absorption
-has areolar connective tissue with arteriole & venule capillary network
-has LACTEAL or lymphatic capillary

A

muscularis mucosae

229
Q

contains Brunner’s g;ands

A

submucosa

230
Q

secrete alkaline mucus that neutralizes the
acidic chime

A

Brunner’s glands

231
Q

membrane surrounding the small intestines

A

serosa

232
Q

a clear yellow fluid, is secreted each day.
- slightly alkaline (pH 7.6)

A

intestinal juice

233
Q

synthesized by the absorptive epithelial cells of the microvilli

A

brush-border enzymes

234
Q

protein-digesting enzymes

A

peptidases

235
Q

Brush-border enzymes
1. carbohydrate-digesting enzymes
a. dextrinase
b. maltase
c. sucrose
d. lactase
2. protein-digesting enzymes called peptidases
a. aminopeptidase
b. dipeptidase)
3. nucleotide-digesting enzyme
a. nucleosidases
b. phosphatases

A
236
Q

digestion controlled by the ANS

A

mechanical digestion

237
Q

localized, mixing contractions that occur in portions of intestine
distended by a large volume of chyme.

A

segmentation

238
Q

termed a migrating motility complex (MMC)
-consist of mild waves of contraction & relaxation of circular & longitudinal
muscles, passing thru the length of the SI & pushing chime into the ileocecal
spinchter

A

peristalsis

239
Q

secreted by he acini (clusters of glandular epithelial cells of
the pancreas)

A

pancreatic juice

240
Q

clusters of glandular epithelial cells of
the pancreas

A

acini

241
Q

a hormone that stimulates the production of
intestinal juice

A

VIP or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

242
Q

decrease intestinal motility

A

sympathetic impulses

243
Q

pasive transport of absorption

A

diffusion

244
Q

with the aid of hollow, channel like-proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

245
Q

with the expenditure of energy (ATP)

A

active transport

246
Q

absorbed as monosaccharides

A

CHO

247
Q

undergo facilitated diffusion

A

fructose

248
Q

undergo active transport with Na

A

galactose and glucose

249
Q

absorbed as amino acids

A

CHON

250
Q

absorbed as fatty acids in simple diffusion

A

fats

251
Q

facilitated by calcitriol (active form of vitamin D)

A

calcium

252
Q

% of nutrients absorbed in the small intestine

A

90%

253
Q

% of nutrients absorbed in stomach and long intestine

A

10%

254
Q

absorbed via osmosis

A

water

255
Q

terminal portion of the GI tract
- is about 1.5 m (5 ft) long and 6.5 cm (2.5 in.) extends from the ileum to the anus
- attached to the posterior abdominal wall by its mesocolon

A

long intestine

256
Q

-has no villi or permanent folds

A

long intestine

257
Q

the SI joins the LI thru the

A

ileocecal sphincter

258
Q

a small pouch

A

cecum

259
Q

a twisted, coiled tube

A

appendix

260
Q

ascends on
the right side of the abdomen,
reaches the inferior surface of the
liver, and turns abruptly to the left
to form the right colic (hepatic)
flexure.

A

ascending colon

261
Q

The colon continues across the abdomen to the left side
4. Descending colon

A

transverse colon

262
Q

begins near the left iliac crest, projects medially to the
midline, and terminates as the rectum at about the level of the third sacral
vertebra.

A

sigmoid colon

263
Q

Where the completion of absorption of water, some ions and vitamins. Produce certain vitamins
*bacteria in the LI produce some vitamins & Vit K. It form feces andexpel waste products

A

long intestine

264
Q

mechanical physiology of large intestine (gastroileal reflex)
Meal
intensified ileal peristalsis
chime is pushed to the cecum
Distention of the cecum
Contraction of the ileocecal spinchter
Haustral Churning

A
265
Q

mechanical physiology of large intestine (haustral churning)
As chime passes thru the ileocecal sphincter
Accumulation of food material at the ascending colon
Distention of the haustra
Contraction of the intestinal wall
Squeezing off contents to the next haustrum

A
266
Q

mechanical physiology of large intestine (mass peristalsis)
With increase peristalsis
Colon contents are propelled into the rectum
anus

A
267
Q

The final stage of digestion occurs in the colon through the activity of bacteria that
inhabit the lumen. Mucus is secreted by the glands of the large intestine, but no
enzymes are secreted. Chyme is prepared for elimination by the action of bacteria,
which ferment any remaining carbohydrates and release hydrogen, carbon dioxide,
and methane gases.

A

chemical digestion in long intestine

268
Q

CHO of chemical digestion
Intestinal bacteria
Ferments remaining CHO
Hydrogen, CO2 & methane gas
Flatus (gas in the colon)
*flatulence: gas formation in excessive amount

A
269
Q

CHON of chemical digestion
Bilirubin: decomposed into simpler pigments called
Stercobilin (gives feces a brown color)
Some vitamins are bacterial products
B vitamins; Vitamin K
Absorbed in the colon

A
270
Q

Physiology of defecation
Mass peristaltic movements of the LI
Fecal material is pushed in the rectum
Rectal wall distention
Stimulation of streton receptors
Sensory impulses are sent to the sacral spinal cord
Motor impulses from the spinal cord. are conveyed thru the parasympathetic nerve fibers
Stimulation of the descending colon, sigmoid, rectum and anus
Contraction of the longitudinal rectal muscles
Shortening of the rectum
Increase pressure in the rectum
*along the voluntary contraction of the diaphragm, abdominal muscles
Expulsion of the feces thru the anus
*parasympathetic stimulation/opening of the internal spinchter

A
271
Q
  • largest
    -located inferior and anterior to the ears, between the skin and the
    masseter muscle
A

parotid glands

272
Q

found in the floor of the mouth; they are medial
and partly inferior to the body of the mandible.
-contain cells similar to those found in the parotid glands, plus some
mucous cells, they secrete a fluid that contains amylase but is thickened
with mucus.

A

submandibular glands

273
Q

beneath the tongue and superior to the
submandibular glands.

A

sublingual glands

274
Q

the secretion of saliva
- controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
-average 1000–1500 mL of saliva daily

A

salivation

275
Q

___________ promotes continuous secretion of a moderate amount
of saliva, which keeps the mucous membranes moist and lubricates the movements of the
tongue and lips during speech. The saliva is then swallowed and helps moisten the __________.
Eventually, most components of saliva are reabsorbed, which prevents ________.

A

parasympathetic stimulation
esophagus
fluid loss

276
Q

__________ dominates during stress, resulting in dryness of the mouth. If
the body becomes ___________, the salivary glands stop secreting saliva to conserve water;
the resulting dryness in the mouth contributes to the sensation of______.

A

sympathetic stimulation
dehydrated
thirst

277
Q

The feel and taste of food also are potent stimulators of salivary gland secretions.
_________ in the food stimulate receptors in taste buds on the tongue, and impulses are
conveyed from the taste buds to two salivary nuclei in the brain stem (_______ and _________
salivatory nuclei). Returning parasympathetic impulses in fibers of the ______ and
______ (IX) nerves stimulate the secretion of saliva. Saliva continues to be secreted
heavily for some time after food is swallowed; this flow of saliva washes out the mouth and
dilutes and buffers the remnants of irritating chemicals such as that tasty (but hot!) salsa. The
smell, sight, sound, or thought of food may also stimulate secretion of saliva.

A

chemicals
superior, inferior
facial, glossopharyngeal

278
Q

an accessory digestive organ composed of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane.
-It is divided into symmetrical lateral halves by a median septum that extends its
entire length, and it is attached inferiorly to the hyoid bone, styloid process of the temporal
bone, and mandible.

A

tongue

279
Q

Each half of the tongue consists of an identical complement of

A

extrinsic and intrinsic muscles

280
Q

originate outside the tongue (attach to bones in the area) and
insert into connective tissues in the tongue, include the hyoglossus, genioglossus,
and styloglossus muscles

A

extrinsic muscle

281
Q

move the tongue from side to side and in and out to maneuver food for chewing,
shape the food into a rounded mass, and force the food to the back of the mouth
for swallowing
-They also form the floor of the mouth and hold the tongue in position.

A

extrinsic muscle

282
Q

originate in and insert into connective tissue within the tongue.
They alter the shape and size of the tongue for speech and swallowing.

A

intrinsic muscles

283
Q

a retroperitoneal gland that lies posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach.
-connected to the duodenum by 2 ducts

A

pancreas

284
Q

main ducts of pancreas

A
  1. Duct of Wirsung (Pancreatic Duct)
  2. Duct of Snatorini (Accessory Duct)
  3. Ampulla of Vater (Hepatopancreatic Ampulla)
285
Q

The ___________, is the larger of the two ducts. In most people, the
pancreatic duct joins the common _________ duct from the liver and gallbladder and enters the
duodenum as a dilated common duct called the ____________. The ampulla opens on an elevation of the duodenal mucosa known as the ___________, which lies about 10 cm (4 in.) inferior to the pyloric sphincter of the
stomach. The passage of pancreatic juice and bile through the hepatopancreatic ampulla into
the duodenum of the small intestine is regulated by a mass of smooth muscle surrounding
the ampulla known as the ___________.
The other major duct of the pancreas, the _______________, leads from the
pancreas and empties into the duodenum about 2.5 cm (1 in.) superior to the
hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

pancreatic duct
bile, ampulla of vater
major duodenal papilla
sphincter of Oddi
accessory duct

286
Q

are secreted by exocrine cells into small ducts that ultimately unite to
form two larger ducts, the pancreatic duct and the accessory duct.

A

pancreatic duct

287
Q

responsible for the alkalinity of the pancreatic juice

A

sodium bicarbonate

288
Q

responsible for the completion of digestion of food nutrients in the SI

A

enzyme

289
Q

the heaviest gland of the body, weighing about 1.4 kg (about 3 lb) in an average adult.
-the largest organ inside the body

A

liver

290
Q

divided into two principal lobes—a large right lobe and a smaller left lobe

A

liver

291
Q

a fold of the parietal peritoneum which help suspend the liver in
place

A

falciparum ligaments

292
Q

fibrous cord that extends from the liver-umbilicus
-a remnant of the umbilical vein of the fetus

A

ligamentum teres

293
Q

help suspend the liver from diaphragm

A

coronary ligaments

294
Q

the functional unit of the liver At its center is the central vein, and radiating
out from it are rows of hepatocytes and hepatic sinusoids. Located at three corners of
the hexagon is a portal triad.

A

lobule

295
Q

the center of each lobule, surrounded by hepatocytes

A

central veins

296
Q

Together, a bile duct, branch of the hepatic artery, and branch of the
hepatic vein

A

portal triad

297
Q

From central veins the blood flows into the hepatic veins, which drain
into the inferior vena cava

A

hepatic veins

298
Q

radiates out from the central vein of each lobule like spikes of a wheel

A

hepatic cord

299
Q

are the major functional cells of the liver and perform a wide array of
metabolic, secretory, and endocrine functions

A

hepatocytes

300
Q

highly permeable blood capillaries between rows of hepatocytes that
receive oxygenated blood from branches of the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich
deoxygenated blood from branches of the hepatic portal vein; converge and deliver
blood into a central vein

A

sinusoids

301
Q

phagocytes

A

Kupffer cells

302
Q

small ducts between hepatocytes that collect bile produced by the
hepatocytes.

A

bile canaliculi

303
Q

obtains oxygenated blood

A

hepatic artery

304
Q

receives deoxygenated blood containing newly absorbed
nutrients, drugs, and possibly microbes and toxins from the gastrointestinal tract

A

hepatic portal vein

305
Q

blood supply of the liver

A

deoxygenated blood form hepatic portal vein
hepatic sinusoids
central vein
hepatic vein
inferior vena cava
right atrium of the heart

306
Q

yellow, brownish or live green substance secreted by hepatocytes
*plays a role in emulsification of fats

A

bile

307
Q

bile secretion

A

choleresis

308
Q

principal bile pigment

A

conjugated bilirubin

Anaphy (5 decks)

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