Respiratory system

Question 1

What is the respiratory membrane?

Answer 1

It is a thin membrane composed of the walls of the alveoli and capillaries.

Question 2

What is the framework of the larynx?

Answer 2

An intricate arrangement of nine cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments.

Question 3

What is the hilum?

Answer 3

An indentation in the mediastinal surface of the lung and through this the pulmonary and systemic blood vessesl, the bronchi, the lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and leave the lung.

Question 4

What divides the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung?

Answer 4

The oblique fissure

Question 5

How is the right lung divided?

Answer 5

The superior the middle and the inferior lobes. Separated by the oblique and horizontal fissure.

Question 6

What is septa?

Answer 6

connective tissue that separates the bronchopulmonay segments.

Question 7

What are the the 3 types of alveoli cells

Answer 7

Type 1 alveolar cells - squamous epithelial cells that form the major part of the alveolar walls.

Type 2 alveolar cells - cuboidal epithelial cells scattered among the type 1 cells. They secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins.

Alveolar macrophages - these crawl freely along internal alveloar surfaces consuming bacteria, dust, and other debris.

Question 8

What is the lung surrounded by and what is it connected to and by?

Answer 8

Surrounded by pleura and is connected to the mediastinum by vascular and bronchal attachments called the lung root.

Question 9

What are the walls of the alveoli composed of and what are they surrounded by?

Answer 9

Composed of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells called type 1 alveolar cells. They are surrounded by a flimsy basement membrane.

Question 10

How does the bronchial tree subdivide?

Answer 10

Right and left main bronchi
lobar and segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveloar sac
Alveolus

Question 11

What are the 2 circulatory systems that services the respiratory system? Describe each.

Answer 11

Pulmonary and bronchial circulatory systems.

Question 12

Describe the pulmonary system (circulatory)

Answer 12

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Blood is oxygenated in the lungs.

Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart.

Question 13

Describe the bronchial system (circulatory).

Answer 13

Bronchial arteries originating from aorta carry oxygenated blood to the lung tissue.

Bronchial veins drain some but most venous blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins.

Question 14

Describe the parietal pleura

Answer 14

It covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm. It continues around the heart and between the lungs.

Question 15

What is the visceral pleura?

Answer 15

It covers the external lung surface.

Question 16

What is contained in the pleural cavity?

Answer 16

Pleural fluid to lubricate the lungs and prevent friction.

Question 17

How is the thoracic cavity divided and by what?

Answer 17

The pleurae divide the thoracic cavity into 3 chambers. 1) Central mediastinum 2) lateral pleural compartments containing a lung each.

Question 18

What 2 forces act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall? What counteracts this?

Answer 18

Recoil and surface tension of the alveolar fluid. These lung collapsing forces are counteracted by the natural elasticity of the chest wall.

Question 19

What is atelactasis?

Answer 19

Lung collapse

Bronchiole becomes plugged or air enters the pleural cavity.

Question 20

What muscles are involved in expanding the chest during deep inhalation?

Answer 20

Scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles

Question 21

What are the contributors to lung compliance?

Answer 21

Elastin, alveolar surface tension, pleural tension.

Question 22

What is the carina?

Answer 22

The lowest tracheal cartilage which marks the beginning of the right and left primary bronchi.

Question 23

What do the primary bronchi subdivide into?

Answer 23

Secondary (lobar) bronchi.

Question 24

What do the secondary bronchi subdivide into?

Answer 24

Tertiary (segmental) bronchi.

Question 25

What do the tertiary or segmental bronchi supply air to?

Answer 25

Bronchopulmonary segments.

Question 26

How many orders of branching from trachea to smallest airways?

Answer 26

about 23

Question 27

What is the significance of circumferentially oriented cells in the smaller airways?

Answer 27

Important component of bronchoconstriction. Bronchodilators act on these cells.

Question 28

What makes up the alveolar wall?

Answer 28

1 cell thick layer of type 1 epithelial cells (squamous epithelial cells). Approx 95%

Question 29

What does the alveolar wall secrete?

Answer 29

ACE

Question 30

What is produced by type2 alveolar cells?

Answer 30

Surfactant

Question 31

What allows air pressure equalization throughout the lung?

Answer 31

Pores of kohn that connect between adjacent alveoli.

Question 32

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in each lung?

Answer 32

10

Question 33

What is the pleurae? What is the difference between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura?

Answer 33

Thin double layered serosal lining.

The Parietal pleura covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall and continues around the heart and lungs.

The visceral pleura covers the external lung surface and divides the thoracic cavity into 3 chambers.

Question 34

What 3 chambers does the visceral pleura divide the thoracic cavity into?

Answer 34

Centrally located medistinum.
Two lateral compartments each enclosing a lung