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HSNS264 Quiz Deck 1 > Exam 2 264 > Flashcards

Exam 2 264 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Eupnoea

A

Normal RR

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2
Q

What is orthopnoea

A

Difficulty breathing when lying flat

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3
Q

What does hypercapnia trigger?

A

Increase in RR to breathe off excess CO2

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4
Q

How does hypopxia impact RR

A

Causes increase to improve alveolar ventilation.

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5
Q

What causes an hypoxic drive?

A

Exposure to chronic CO2 levels and acidosis the chemoreceptor function becomes blunted and low levels of O2 become the trigger for increased RR.

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6
Q

What are some factors that can cause a decrease in RR?

A

Increased ICP
Alcohol / narcotics
Sleep / rest
hypocapnia
hypothermia

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7
Q

What are some factors that can cause an increase in RR?

A

Anxiety
Caffeine
Pain
Exertion
Hypercapnia
Fever
Haemorrhage
Acidosis
Lung disease
Cardiac disease
Young age

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8
Q

What is Kussmaul breathing?

A

Hyperventilation. Associated with diabetic ketoacidosis and inc ICP.

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9
Q

What is Biot’s breathing?

A

irregular period of rapid breathing followed by variable periods of apnoea with inconsistent depth.

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10
Q

What is Biot’s breathing associated with?

A

neurological damage
inc icp
meningitis

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11
Q

What is cluster breathing?

A

periods of tachypnoea separated by periods of apneoa. Associated with damage to medulla oblongata

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12
Q

What is central neurogenic hyperventilation

A

RR 40-60. Neuro damage

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13
Q

What should arterial PO2 be?

A

80-100mmHG

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14
Q

What is the difference between hypoxaemia and hypoxia?

A

Hypoxaemia = arterial blood
Hypoxia = tissues

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15
Q

What is hyperoxia?

A

O2 toxicity
Caused by supplemental O2 that is too high over too long a period.

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16
Q

What damage can hyperoxia cause?

A

Lung injury
Retinal injury
CNS effects such as seizure

17
Q

How is hypoxaemia manifested?

A

tachycardia
tachypnoea
cyanosis (severe cases)

18
Q

How is o2 toxicity manifested?

A

Resp failure
Loss of visual acuity
seizure
altered loc

19
Q

What is extrinsic asthma?

A

strong allergic component.

20
Q

What is the tx for asthma?

A

Drug based
Allergen avoidance

21
Q

What are asthma trigger factors?

A

Inhaled aeroallergens eg dust (esp minute dried faecal particles of dust mites), pollen, mould spores, cat fur and dander

cold dry air, fog, smoke

exercise

RTI

sleep

anxiety

22
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

A

The theory that asthma and other allergic disorders occur when the immune system during the first 12-24 months after birth is inadequately exposed to foreign antigens. It never fully learns to distinguish between dangerous and harmless antigens and mounts an inappropriate immune response.

23
Q

What is asthma characterised by?

A

Chronic inlfammationi in the airway wall

24
Q

What is bronchospasm?

A

contraction of airwary smooth muscle

25
Q

what inflammatory airway changes contribute to bronchoconstriction?

A

excess viscous sticky mucous
airway wall oedema
infiltration of inflammatory cells (leukocytes) - occupy space

26
Q

what causes asthma attack?

A

Chronic inflamm causes airway hyperresponsiveness/hyperactivity

27
Q

What are S&S of asthma?

A

wheezing
dyspnoea
coughing

28
Q

What happens if you can’t hear wheezing in asthma attack?

A

The airways may be completely closed and pt requires ventilation

29
Q

What happens in an asthma attack?

A

airway inflammation
mucous production
airway muscle tightening
swollen bronchial membranes
All resulting in narrow breathing passages and wheezing, cough, sob

30
Q

What effects on respiratory muscles of asthma?

A

Tracheal tug
Flattened diaphragm and associated hyperinflation
Inspiratory contraction of diaphragm - a form of paradoxical breathing

31
Q

What happens to FEV1 and PEFR during asthma excacerbation?

A

They fall

32
Q

what happens to FVC during asthma exacerbation?

A

Will not decrease much

33
Q

what is the spirometric grading of airway obstruction severity?

A

FEV1 % predicted.
>70 mild obstruction
to
<35 very severe obstruction
and various degrees in between.

34
Q

What is pulmonary hyperinflation?

A

This is where astmatics breathe at higher than normal lung volumes as their airway obstruction worsens

35
Q

What does a blood PC02 above 45mmHg indicate?

A

respiratory failure

36
Q

What is pulsus paradoxus?

A

Increased inspiratory effort causes a drop in intrapleural pressure that is transmitted to the heart and arterial bp. BAD!

HSNS264 Quiz Deck 1 (3 decks)

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