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Anatomy Lab > Respiratory Structures > Flashcards

Respiratory Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory tract?

A

a series of highly branches passageways that conduct air to the structures for gas exchange

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2
Q

What is involved in the upper respiratory tract?

A

nasal cavity and the pharynx

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3
Q

What is involved in the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
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4
Q

Where is the lung located?

A

in the thoracic cavity

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5
Q

Where are the base and apex of the lungs?

A

base is on top of your diaphragm, apex is right behind your clavicle bones

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6
Q

What is the hilum of the lungs?

A

an opening that goes into both lungs where pulmonary vessels and nerves enter

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7
Q

What are lung tissue?

A

organs composed of tiny air sacs (alveoli) surrounded by blood capillaries where gas exchange occurs

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8
Q

Why is the right lung bigger than the left lung?

A

right lung contains superior, middle and inferior lobes while left lung only contains superior and inferior as well as the cardiac notch

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9
Q

What are fissures and how many do you have?

A

an indent that separates the lobes; you have 3: horizontal, right oblique and left oblique

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10
Q

What is the pleura?

A

the membrane that surrounds the lungs

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of pleura?

A
  • Parietal pleura

- Visceral pleura

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12
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A
  • outer layer of pleural membrane
  • lines the interior surface of thoracic cavity
  • lines the superior surface of the diaphragm
  • epithelial tissue
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13
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

inner layer of pleural membrane that actually covers the lung tissue itself

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14
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

space between parietal and visceral membranes filled with serous fluid that generates enough surface tension to keep the lungs open

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15
Q

Where is the nasal cavity and what does it do?

A

found in your skull bones and it warms, moistens inhaled air

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16
Q

What are nasal conchae?

A

boney pieces that curve in to increase the surface area of the walls of the nasal cavity to help the mucus membrane catch more particles that come in

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17
Q

What are the passageways that conchae create called?

A

meatuses

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18
Q

How many are there?

A

3 conchae and 3 meatus: superior, middle and inferior

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19
Q

What surrounds the nasal cavity?

A

paranasal sinuses

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20
Q

What are the 4 types of paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal and maxillary

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21
Q

Why do we have them?

A

they are a resonating chamber for your voice and they help reduce weight of the skull

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22
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

also known as your throat it is the passageway between the nasal cavity and larynx/esophagus

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23
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx and the laryngopharynx

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24
Q

What is the larynx?

A

a cartilage framed enlargement at the top of the trachea which houses the vocal cords; most superior structure of the lower respiratory tract

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25
Q

What is it composed of?

A
  • hyoid bone
  • thyroid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage
  • arytenoid cartilage
  • corniculate cartilage
26
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

flap like structure that closes when swallowing

27
Q

What are all larynx cartilages made out of?

A

hyaline

28
Q

What is the epiglottis made of?

A

elastic cartilage

29
Q

What are vestibular folds?

A

aka false vocal cords that generate no sound and protect vocal folds and do not move

30
Q

What are vocal folds made of?

A

a ligament that is covered in mucus membranes

31
Q

What are vocal folds?

A

aka true vocal cords that produce sounds by vibrating as air passes and can be moved to change the tone (pitch)

32
Q

What is the windpipe (trachea) held open by?

A

C shaped tracheal cartilage rings

33
Q

What is the carina?

A

where the trachea branches into the right and left main bronchi

34
Q

What does the carina do?

A

prevents irritants from getting down into the lung tissue

35
Q

What does the trachea branch into?

A

the bronchi

36
Q

What do the bronchi branch into?

A

lobar bronchi

37
Q

What do the lobar bronchi branch into?

A

segmental bronchi

38
Q

What happens as the bronchi keeps branching?

A

theyll lose their cartilage rings and be left with smooth muscle

39
Q

What are these called?

A

bronchioles

40
Q

What are the two types of bronchioles?

A

Terminal and respiratory

41
Q

What happens in terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

A

terminal: air is moving
respiratory: gas exchange occurs

42
Q

Where do the respiratory bronchioles carry air to?

A

alveolar ducts

43
Q

Where do the alveolar ducts lead to?

A

alveolar sacs made of individual alveoli

44
Q

What is the mucous membrane made of?

A
  • epithelial layer covered in mucus
  • underlying basement membrane
  • lamina propria
45
Q

As the epithelium of the mucous membrane gets thinner, what 4 types of tissue does it turn into and what does each one line?

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar: lines from nasal cavity all the way to lobar bronchi
  • simple ciliated columnar: lines segmental bronchi to large bronchi
  • simple ciliated cuboidal: lines terminal and respiratory bronchi
  • simple squamous: lines alveoli and alveolar ducts
46
Q

What is inspiration?

A

movement of air into the lungs

47
Q

What is the difference between quiet and forced inspiration?

A

quiet is natural breathing (diaphragm and external intercostals), forced is more air than quiet

48
Q

what 5 muscles does forced inspiration require?

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • pectoralis minor
  • scalenes
  • serrates posterior superior
  • erector spinae
49
Q

What is expiration?

A

the movement of air out of the lungs

50
Q

What is the difference between quiet and forced expiration?

A

quiet is when those external intercostals and diaphragm relax ( no muscles), forced is when we want to exhale more air

51
Q

What 5 muscles does forced expiration require?

A
  • internal intercostals
  • external obliques
  • transversus abdominis
  • serrates posterior inferior
  • transversus thoracis
52
Q

What is residual volume?

A

the volume of air that is always in your lungs no matter how hard you try to breathe out

53
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

the amount of air that you’re breathing in and out naturally

54
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

the extra amount of air that you have brought in after your natural inhale

55
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

the air that is in your lungs unless you force it out

56
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

TLC=IRV+ERV+TV+RV

total amount of exchangeable air with pulmonary ventilation plus the air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation

57
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

VC=IRV+ERV+TV

the total amount of exchangeable air with pulmonary ventilation

58
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

IC=IRV+TV

how much air you can bring into your lungs not including whats already there

59
Q

What is Functional Residual Capacity?

A

FRC=ERV+RV

volume of air remaining in your lungs when your naturally just breathing in and out

60
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

a device used to measure the respiratory volumes and capacities

61
Q

What is restrictive lung disease?

A

loss of elasticity of lung tissue causing decreased IRV and IC,VC and TLC

62
Q

What is obstructive lung disease?

A

air that we cant get out of the lungs (airway resistance) causing decreased ERV and VC but increased RV and FRC

Anatomy Lab (4 decks)

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