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Anatomy Lab > Intro To Endocrine > Flashcards

Intro To Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to aid in homeostasis

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Molecules that have metabolic effects on target cells

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3
Q

What are target cells?

A

Cells that have a receptor for the specific hormones that affect them

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4
Q

What can influence how large of a response a cell has to a hormone?

A

The number of receptors that the cells have for a hormone

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5
Q

How do cells change how many receptors they have for a particular hormone?

A

through up regulation and down regulation

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6
Q

What is up and down regulation and what are they dependent on?

A

Up regulation is when the cell makes more receptors for the hormone so they have a larger response
Down regulation is when the cell will take some of the receptors away

They are both dependent on how much hormone is actually in the blood stream

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7
Q

What is hormonal stimulation?

A

when another hormone tells a hormone to release

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8
Q

What is humoral stimulation?

A

the release of hormones based off of what the concentration of certain ions are in the blood stream

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9
Q

What is nervous system stimulation?

A

release of hormone in response to stimulation by nervous system

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10
Q

What are the differences between endocrine gland and tissue?

A

Endocrine glands: single organ, entirely endocrine in function, whole job is to secrete hormones
Endocrine tissues: secretory cells housed in small clusters within organ that has some other primary functions but can release hormones too

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11
Q

What are examples of endocrine glands?

A

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands

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12
Q

What are examples of endocrine tissues?

A

hypothalamus, skin, thymus, heart, liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestines, adipose tissue, kidneys and gonads

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13
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary?

A

neurohypophysis (hypophysis is talking about pituitary gland as a whole; neuro tells you its posterior because it signifies nervous tissue of the pituitary)

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14
Q

What is the posterior pituitary made of?

A
  • nervous tissue (infundibulum & pars nervosa)

- neurons from the hypothalamus

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15
Q

What are the axons called that extend from the hypothalamus to the infundibulum to the pars nervosa called?

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

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16
Q

What are the two hypothalamic nuclei that produce hormones from the hypothalamus?

A

Paraventricular and supraoptic

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17
Q

What hormones do they secrete?

A

paraventricular produces oxytocin and supraoptic produces antidiuretic

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18
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary

A

adenohypophysis

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19
Q

What type of connection is there between the AP and hypothalamus?

A

hormonal connection

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20
Q

What is the anterior pituitary made of?

A
  • covered by secondary plexus (capillary bed)
  • portal veins
  • primary plexus (capillary bed that connects to hypothalamus
21
Q

What causes the anterior pituitary to release specific hormones?

A

releasing hormones

22
Q

What do releasing hormones do?

A

stimulate the production and secretion of specific hormones from the AP

23
Q

What are the 5 different releasing hormones and what do they each release?

A
  • Thyrotropin (TRH)/ releases TSH
  • Prolactin (PRH)/ releases prolactin
  • Gonadotropin (GnRH)/ releases LH & FSH
  • Corticotropic (CRH)/ releases ACTH
  • Growth Hormone (GHRH)/ releases hGH
24
Q

What do inhibiting hormones do?

A

decrease the production and secretion of specific hormones from the AP

25
Q

What are the only two inhibiting hormones?

A

Prolactin (PIH) and Growth Hormone (GHIH)

26
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A
  • a gland that sits below the thyroid cartilage which makes up a portion of your voice box
  • it is divided into a right lobe and a left lobe that are connected together by a thin tissue called isthmus
27
Q

What is inside the thyroid gland?

A

round clusters called follicles that contain colloid which contain precursory thyroid hormones

28
Q

What surrounds the colloid on the edge of the follicles?

A

follicular cells

29
Q

What hormones do follicular cells secrete and what do they do?

A

T3 and T4 (increase metabolism of the cell)

30
Q

Which one is stronger?

A

T3

31
Q

Why are T3 and T4 released?

A

because follicular cells are stimulated by TSH from pituitary gland

32
Q

What are parafollicular cells?

A

cells that squish between the follicles and secrete calcitonin

33
Q

What does calcitonin do and why is it released?

A

regulate your blood calcium level and released when parafollicular cells are stimulated by how much calcium is in your blood

34
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located and how many do you have?

A

posterior portion of the thyroid and 4 glands total

35
Q

What hormone do they secrete?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

36
Q

What does PTH do?

A

regulate your blood calcium levels

37
Q

How are PTH and Calcitonin similar/different?

A

they both regulate your blood calcium levels

  • if calcium goes down calcitonin is released
  • if calcium goes up then PTH is released
38
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located and how many do you have?

A

two adrenal glands that sit on top of your kidneys

39
Q

What are they composed of?

A

medulla (inner tissue) and cortex (outer tissue) surrounded by fibrous capsule

40
Q

What is the adrenal cortex subdivided into?

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
41
Q

What type of hormone does each zona secrete?

A
  • zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids
    ex: aldosterone (released if there is low sodium or high potassium in blood)
  • zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids
    ex: cortisol or corticosterone (released when we are stressed out)
  • zona reticularis: gonadocorticoids
    ex: androgens
42
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

an endocrine and exocrine gland (only 1% endocrine in function)

43
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

secretes enzymes and bicarbonate into pancreatic duct that carries those enzymes down into the small intestines

44
Q

What are the endocrine cells found in clusters called?

A

pancreatic islets

45
Q

What are the two types of islets and what hormones do they secrete?

A
  • alpha –> secretes glucagon

- beta –> secretes insulin

46
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

when immune cells don’t recognize self antigen on the beta cells in the pancreas so they create immune response against beta cells and they kill them
- autoimmune
- pancreas doesn’t create insulin
occurs early, adolescence

47
Q

What is type 2 diabetes and what are the 2 reasons for it?

A

when the beta cells are damaged but not by the immune system…

  • pancreas doesn’t create enough insulin (beta cells are over worked)
  • insulin is secreted too much into the blood stream that cells down regulate the number of receptors they have (no longer responding to insulin even though it is still there)
48
Q

What is gestational diabetes caused by?

A

Human placental lactose (HPL) secreted by the placenta and inhibits insulin release

  • mothers attempt to set aside glucose for the fetus
  • goes away after birth

Anatomy Lab (4 decks)

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