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MCN568 > RESPIRATORY pp > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY pp Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory track parts

A 
Nose
Pharynx = Naso P. / Oro P. / Laryngo P.
Larynx = voice-box
Trachea = windpipe
Bronchi = airways
Lungs
Alveoli - site of gas exchange
Locations of infections
upper respiratory tract is above vocal cords
lower respiratory tract is below vocal cords
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2
Q

Nasal structure external

A

Skin, nasal bones, & cartilage lined with mucous membrane
Openings called external nares or nostrils

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3
Q

Nasal structure internal

A

Large chamber within the skull
Roof is made up of ethmoid and floor is hard palate / Maxilla
Internal nares (choanae) are openings to pharynx
Nasal septum is composed of bone & cartilage
Conchae on lateral walls turbinate, moisten & warm air

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4
Q

Pharynx

A 
Muscular tube (5 inch long) hanging from skull skeletal muscle & mucous membrane
Extends from internal nares to cricoid cartilage
passageway for food and air
resonating chamber for speech production
tonsil (lymphatic tissue) in the walls protects entry-way into body

anatomical regions

  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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5
Q

Nasopharynx

A

From choanae to soft palate openings of auditory (Eustachian) tubes from middle ear cavity adenoids or pharyngeal tonsil in roof

Passageway for air only

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6
Q

Oropharynx

A

From soft palate to epiglottis
fauces is opening from mouth into oropharynx
palatine tonsils found in side walls, lingual tonsil in tongue

Common passageway for food & air

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7
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Extends from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage / post. to larynx
Epiglottis folds down to cover opening to trachea when swallowing
Common passageway for food & air & ends as esophagus inferiorly

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8
Q

Larynx

A

Cartilage & connective tissue tube
Anterior to C4 to C6
Constructed of 3 single & 3 paired cartilages

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9
Q

cartilages of larynx

A

Thyroid cartilage forms “Adam’s Apple”

Epiglottis—leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage during swallowing, larynx moves upward

epiglottis folds down to cover glottis when swallowing to divert food into esophagus and keep food out of trachea (wind pipe)

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10
Q

vocal cords

A

False vocal cords (ventricular folds) found above vocal folds (true vocal cords)
True vocal cords attach to arytenoid cartilages

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11
Q

airway epithelium

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells produce a moving mass of mucus / smoking destroys cilia

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12
Q

trachea

A

Size is 5 in. long & 1in. diameter
Extends from larynx to T5 anterior to the esophagus and then splits into bronchi at Carina
Layers:
mucosa = pseudostratified columnar with cilia & goblet
submucosa = loose connective tissue & seromucous glands
hyaline cartilage of 16 to 20 incomplete “C” rings
open side facing esophagus to accommodate swallowing
opening of “C” ring to the posterior

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13
Q

tracheostomy vs intubation

A

Re-establishing airflow past an airway obstruction

  • crushing injury to larynx or chest
  • swelling that closes airway
  • vomit or foreign object

Tracheostomy is incision in trachea below cricoid cartilage of the larynx if larynx is obstructed

Intubation is passing a tube from mouth or nose through larynx and into the trachea

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14
Q

bronchi and bronchioles

A

Primary bronchi supply each lung / branch forming secondary br.
Secondary bronchi supply each lobe of the lungs (3 right + 2 left)
Tertiary bronchi supply each bronchopulmonary segment
Repeated branchings called bronchioles form a bronchial tree

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15
Q

Histology of Bronchial Tree

A

Epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to nonciliated simple cuboidal as pass deeper into lungs / smoking destroys cilia

Incomplete rings of cartilage replaced by rings of smooth muscle & then connective tissue
Sympathetic NS & adrenal gland release epinephrine that relaxes smooth muscle & dilates airways
asthma attack or allergic reactions constrict distal bronchiole smooth muscle
nebulization therapy = inhale mist with chemicals that relax muscle & reduce thickness of mucus

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16
Q

Lobue of lung structure

A

A lobule is formed by a compartment wrapped by elastic connective tissue

Terminal bronchiole branches to a Respiratory Bronchiole

Arteriole, venule & lymphatic vessel wrap around a Respiratory Bronchiole
Arterioles form alveolar capillaries and surround alveolar sacs / alveoli

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17
Q

Alveolar cell types

A

Type I alveolar cells
simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs

Type II alveolar cells (septal cells)
secretes alveolar fluid containing surfactant
surfactant reduces the surface tension of the alveoli allowing them to open and receive air for gas exchange
reduced production of surfactant in premature baby causes Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Alveolar macrophages - lie Outside in air space

18
Q

alveolar-capillary membrane

A

Respiratory membrane = 1/2 micron thick

Exchange of gas from alveoli to blood and from blood to alveoli

Membranes for gases to diffuse across type I & type II alveolar epithelial cells endothelial cells forming capillary wall the membrane of the RBC / oxygen inside RBC

Vast surface area provided by branching of alveolar capillaries = handball court

19
Q

pleural membrane and cavity

A

Visceral pleura covers lungs — parietal pleura lines ribcage & covers upper surface of diaphragm
Pleural cavity is potential space between ribs & lungs

20
Q

quiet inspiration

A

Diaphragm moves 1 cm & ribs lifted by muscles
Diaphragm innervated by Phrenic Nerve
Intrathoracic pressure falls and 2-3 liters inhaled

21
Q

quiet expiration

A

Passive process with no muscle action
Elastic recoil of abdominal organs & lungs compresses the size of the lungs increasing the pressure by making volume smaller
Alveolar pressure increases & air is “pushed” out

22
Q

Labored Breathing

A 
Forced expiration
abdominal m. force diaphragm up
internal intercostals depress ribs
lung volume is decreased
emphysema “builds “up m.

Forced inspiration
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes & pectoralis minor lift chest upwards as you gasp for air

23
Q

alveolar pressure changes

A

When alveolar pressure decreases air “rushes in

When alveolar pressure increases air “rushes out

24
Q

pneumothorax

A

The pleural cavities are sealed cavities not open to the outside / lined with serous membrane

Injuries to the chest wall may let air enter the intrapleural space

collapsed lung on same side as injury
surface tension and recoil of elastic fibers within lung causes the lung to collapse / “pull” away from thoracic wall
the lung cannot inflate if it is not adhered to the thoracic cavity
pressure equalization causes a pneumothorax

25
Q

compliance of lungs

A

Ease with which lungs & chest wall expand and recoil depends upon the elasticity of lungs & surface tension

26
Q

airway resistance

A

Resistance to airflow depends upon airway Size
increase size of chest
airways Increase in diameter / Pressure decreases

contract or relax smooth muscles in airways (particularly the bronchioles)
asthma causes smooth muscle to contract
adrenalin / epinephrine like medicine opens airway by dilating bronchiole

27
Q

lung volumes and capacities ADULT

A

Tidal volume = amount air moved during 1 breath ~ 500 cc
MVR= minute ventilation is amount of air moved in a minute
Reserve volumes —- amount you can breathe either in or out above that amount of tidal volume
Residual volume = 1200 mL permanently trapped air in system
Vital capacity & total lung capacity are sums of the other volumes

28
Q

Hyperbaric Oxygenation

A

Use of pressure to dissolve more O2 into the blood
treatment for patients with anaerobic bacterial infections (tetanus and gangrene)
anaerobic bacteria die in the presence of O2

Hyperbaric chamber pressure raised to 3 to 4 atmospheres so that tissues absorb more O2

Used to treat heart disorders, carbon monoxide poisoning, cerebral edema, bone infections, gas embolisms & crush injuries

29
Q

external respiration

A

Exchange of gas(O2&CO2) between Air & Blood

Gases diffuse from areas of high partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure

Deoxygenated blood becomes saturated

Compare gas movements in pulmonary capillaries to tissue capillaries

30
Q

internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between blood & tissues

Conversion of oxygenated blood into deoxygenated blood

Note: diffusion of O2 inward
at rest 25% of available O2 enters cells
during exercise more O2 is absorbed

Note: diffusion of CO2 outward

31
Q

gas transport

A

Oxyhemoglobin contains 98.5% chemically combined oxygen and hemoglobin inside red blood cells
Hgb + O2 = oxyhemoglobin is “bright red”
Deoxyhemoglobin is “blue”
only 1.5% of oxygen transported dissolved in blood

There are several factors affecting dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin / pH, CO2 levels, temperature

Remember - the Hbg has a lot of O2 to dissociate from and it must dissociate at the right time and place in body

32
Q

carbon dioxide transport

A
  1. Is carried by the blood in 3 ways 1. 7% dissolved in plasma
  2. 23% combined with the Globin part of Hb molecule forming Carbamino-hemoglobin
  3. 70% as part of a Bicarbonate Ion
    CO2 + H2O combine to form carbonic acid that dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate ion
    CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H + HCO3(bicarbonate)
    bicarbonate dissociates to CO2 in lungs
33
Q

Acidity & Oxygen Affinity for Hb

A

As acidity increases, O2 affinity for Hb decreases

H+ binds to hemoglobin & alters it / O2 “falls” off Hb

O2 left behind in needy tissues

34
Q

CO2 and acidosis

A

increaseCO2 = increaseacidosis

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H + HCO3
carbonic bicarbonate
acid ion

HgbO2 + H causes O2 to be more “easily released” from the Hgb and the Hgb now binds to the H acting as a buffer forming HgbH
Buffers are compounds that combine to H ions

35
Q

pCO2 & Oxygen Release

A

As pCO2 rises with exercise, O2 is released more easily

CO2 converts to carbonic acid & becomes H+ and bicarbonate ions & lowers pH.

36
Q

Temperature & Oxygen Release

A

As temperature increases, more O2 is released

Metabolic activity & heat increases the release of O2 from the Hgb

37
Q

hypoxia types

A

Hypoxia - A deficiency of Oxygen at the tissue level
4 Types
1. Hypoxic hypoxia - low oxygen in the blood from high altitude / airway obstruction / fluid in lungs

  1. Anemic hypoxia - reduced hemoglobin in blood from blood loss / anemia / Hgb combined to CO
  2. Ischemic hypoxia - blood flow to tissue is reduced from infart or cut vessel to organ
  3. Histotoxic hypoxia - blood delivers adequate oxygen but cells can not use it as from cyanide poisioning
38
Q

CNS respiratory center

A

Involuntary respiration controlled by neurons in Pons and Medulla of the Brain Stem

39
Q

regulation of respiratory center

A

Influences from Cortex of Cerebrum
voluntarily alter breathing patterns

limitations are buildup of CO2 & H+ in blood this will stimulate the respiratory center in the pons and medulla of the brain stem

fever and pain increase respiratory rate

if you hold your breath until you faint—-breathing will resume

40
Q

chemical regulation of respiration

A

Central chemoreceptors in medulla
respond to changes in H ions(acid) or pCO2
hypercapnia = slight increase in pCO2 is noticed

Peripheral chemoreceptors
respond to changes in H ions(acid) , pO2 or PCO2
aortic body—in wall of aorta
nerves join vagus nerve
carotid bodies–in walls of common carotid arteries
nerves join glossopharyngeal nerve

MCN568 (11 decks)

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