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MCN568 > NANN genetics > Flashcards

NANN genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

genetics

A

The science of human biologic

variation

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2
Q

mutation

A

A permanent, hereditary change

in the sequence of the DNA

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3
Q

DNA

A

A doublestranded nucleic acid built of nucleotides
containing a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, or
cytosine), and the sugar deoxyribose

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

Structural unit composed of
DNA on a framework of protein. Chromosomes carry genetic information. Each human cell has
23 pairs of chromosomes.

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5
Q

Autosome

A

Nonsex chromosome; each

human cell has 22 pairs of autosomes

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6
Q

Sex chromosome

A

Chromosome that contains the genes determining sex; each human cell has two sex chromosomes (i.e.,
one pair). Based on their appearance, the
chromosomes of males are identified as
XY and those of females as XX

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7
Q

Karyotype

A

the chromosome constitution of an individual

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8
Q

gene

A

a sequence of chromosomal DNA that can specify the sequence of aminoacids in a particular polypeptide, inherited form parents

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9
Q

Allele

A

Alternate form of a gene found at the same locus (position) on homologous (the same or similar)
chromosomes. Alleles segregate during meiosis, and an individual receives only one of each pair of alleles from
each parent. Only two alleles can be present in any one individual

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10
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

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11
Q

heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a particular gene

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12
Q

genotype

A

An individual’s genetic constitution; the alleles present at one locus

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13
Q

Phenotype

A

The observed biochemical, physiological, and morphological characteristics of an individual (e.g.,
blue eyes, fair skin), as determined by his or her genotype and the environment in which it is expressed

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14
Q

Pedigree

A

A standard chart that simultaneously displays family relationships and phenotypes. A pedigree is constructed of shapes connected by lines.

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15
Q

cell division

A

mitosis (one division-used for growth, repair and asexual reproduction) and meiosis (two divisions- use for sexual reproduction)

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16
Q

nondisjunction

A

most frequent cause of all chromosome disorders; occurs when paired chromosomes fail to separate during cell division; example: before fertilization: trisomy or monosomy; after fertilization: mosaicism

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17
Q

trisomy

A

three copies of one chromosome are present in one cell

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18
Q

monosomy

A

one chromosome from a pair is missing

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19
Q

polyploidy

A

The presence of any multiple of the basic haploid chromosome number (n) other than the diploid number (2n; e.g., 3n [69 chromosomes], 4n [92 chromosomes])

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20
Q

chromosomal structure abnormalities

A

deletion, duplication, inversion, nonreciprocal translocation, reciprocal translocation

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21
Q

deletion

A

A missing sequence of DNA or a

missing part of a chromosome

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22
Q

duplication

A

An extra copy of a gene or DNA sequence, usually caused by misaligned pairing in meiosis

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23
Q

inversion

A

A part of a chromosome that has moved from its normal location; the normal sequence may be reversed

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24
Q

nonreciprocal translocation

A

A piece that has broken off of one chromosome and become attached to another chromosome

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25
reciprocal translocation
Exchange of parts between two chromosomes. If the chromosome exchange does not break any genes, then the person is healthy and is called a translocation carrier
26
Autosomal Abnormalities examples
Trisomy 21, 18, 13, Cri du chat
27
Sex chromosome abnormalities
monosomy X(Turner); XXX syndrome; XXY (Klinefelter syndrome); XYY syndrome
28
Trisomy 21/ Downs syndrome
most common, maternal age; nondisjunction: FEATURES: Hypotonia, flatted facial profile, poor moro, hyperflex joints, excess skin on the back of the neck, slanted palpebral fissures, dysplasia of pelvis, anomalous auricles, congenital heart defects, transverse palmar crease; GI anomalies: duodenal atresia; IQ 50; males always infertile, age span 49
29
Trisomy 18/ Edward syndrome
95% aborted; female to male 3:1' advance maternal age; FEATUREs: severe mental deficiency, congenital heart defects, clenched hands overlapping fingers; severe hypotonia, prominent occiput, single umbilical artery, short sternum; survival average 14.5 days
30
cryptorchidism
undescended testis
31
ptosis
drooling eyelids
32
Trisomy 13/ Patau syndrome
FEATURES: severe mental deficiency; congenital heart defects; cleft lip and palete; holoprosencephaly, microcephaly, microphthalmia, deafness, polydyctaly, skin effects of posterior scalp; median survival age 7 days
33
holoprosencephaly
incomplete development of forebrain and olfactory and optic nerve; Trisomy 13
34
cri du chat syndrome
deletion on chromosome 5; severe mental retardation, a cat like cry, microcephaly, slow growth, hypotonia, hypertelorism; with support affected individuals attain at level pf 5-6 year old
35
hypertelorism
extreme width between the eyes
36
Turner syndrome / monosomy X
nondisjunction in paternal meiosis; FEATURES: ovarian dysgenesis with hypoplasia or absence of germinal elements; shield like chest; congenital lymphedema (puffiness); RX: growth hormone, estrogen replacement
37
XXX syndrome
errors of maternal meiosis; low IQ; above average in statue; sex development usually normal
38
XXY Klinefelter syndrome
Barr body; FEATURES: IQ 85-90; poor psychosocial development; tall and this statue; hypogonadism and hypogenitalism, infertility; RX: testosterone
39
XYY syndrome
YY sperm; not dysmorphic but large teeth, prominent glabella and long ears; increased risk for behavioral problems; normal fertility
40
Mendelian Single-gene Disorders
autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, x-linked dominant, x-linked recessive
41
autosomal dominant disorder
only one copy of single abnormal gene is required; appears in every generation; 50% transmission chance;
42
autosomal recessive disorder
trait characteristic appears only in siblings; two copies of gene are required; 25% ; consanguinity
43
x-linked dominant disorders
affected males transmit the traits to all daughters not to sons; females are more likely to express the trait
44
x-liked recessive disorders
almost exclusively in males; trait never transmitted directly from father to son;
45
common mendelian single-gene diseases
Cystic Fibrosis, Congenital myotonic dystrophy, osteogenesis imperfecta, infantile polycystic kidney disease; vitamin D-resistant rickets
46
Cystic Fibrosis defect
autosomal recessive; protein abnormality that is responsible for chloride transport that leads to thick mucous in lumens of pancreas, lungs, intestines, biliary tract, and appendix
47
CF clinical features
meconium ileus, intestinal atresia, prolonged jaundice
48
CF diagnosis and tests and RX
sweat test; RX: abx, bronchodilators, steroids, enzymes, fat soluble vitamins
49
Congenital myotonic dystrophy defect
autosomal dominant; TYPE I: DMPK triplet repeat of cytosine-thymine-guanine; abnormal CNS
50
congenital myotonic dystrophy clinical features
poor sucking, generalized hypotonia, facial diplegia, clubfoot, mental retardation
51
congenital myotonic dystrophy DX and RX
muscle biopsy, serum creatinine kinase, electromyography; nerve conduction velocities are normal; no RX; failure to thrive (in infancy)
52
osteogenesis imperfecta defect
autosomal dominant; I-VI types
53
Osteogenesis imperfecta TYPES and features
I: postnatal bone fragility, blue sclerae; easy bruising II: minimal calvarial mineralization, beaded ribs, compresses femurs III: prenatal bone fractures, short stature, deafness IV: normal to moderately short stature with significant bone deformity; normal sclerae, V: moderate to severe tendency to fracture vertebrae and long bones, ligamentous laxity VI: mild to moderate expression; postnatal onset at 4-18months;
54
infantile polycystic kidney disease defect
autosomal recessive dx on prenatal US
55
infantile polycystic kidney disease clinical features
potter facies: low-set ears, short nose, deep eye creases, micrognathia; clubfoot, large palpable bilateral renal masses; HPT; cardiac hypertrophy and CHF
56
vitamin D- resistant rickets defect
x-linked dominant; features: growth retardation, childhood rickets, reduced serum phosphate
57
vit D-resistant rickets RX
large dose of vit D and oral phosphate
58
mosaicism
the condition in which there are two or more cell lines derived froma single zygote that are different genetically because of the postzygotic mutation or nondisjunction
59
anticipation
the progressively earlier appearance and increased severity of a disease in successive generations
60
imprinting
the differential expression of genetic material, at either a chromosomal or an allelic level, depending on whether the genetic material is inherited from male or female parent
61
mitochondrial DNA
the DNA in the circular chromosome of the mitochondria, which is inherited from the mother
62
multifactorial disorders examples
no distinctive pattern of inheritance: congenital heart defects; Cleft lip; Pyloric stenosis; Neural tube defect; clubfoot(talipes equinovarus); Hirschprung disease; Hypospadias
63
Congenital Heart Defects
identified on prenatal US; heart murmur, cardiac failure, cyanosis; infant might sweat and become breathless at feedings
64
cleft lip
feeding difficulties; surgery in several stages
65
pyloric stenosis
severe feeding problems with nonbilious projectile vomiting; "olive" firm, non-tender and mobile hard pylorus; DX at 3-12 weeks; surgical correction
66
Neural Tube Defects NTD
malformation of developing brain and spinal cord
67
anencephaly
absence of forebrain and skull vault
68
rachischisis
fatal condition in which NTD extends the length of the spine
69
encephalocele
herniation of the meninges and brain through the skull
70
spina bifida cystica
myelomeningocele and meningocele
71
myelomeningocele
most common type of NTD; a cyst or sac containing portion of the spinal cord and meninges protrudes through an opening in the vertebrae
72
meningocele
type of spina bifida cystica: sac containing only the meninges, the spinal cord is in proper position
73
spina bifida occulta
the NTD is covered by a tuft of hair or layer of skin; one or two vertebrae are not properly fused; spinal cord and meninges are normal
74
NTD DX
prenatal: increased maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels; increased acetylcholinesterase; high-resolution US
75
NTD prevention
prenatal folic acid
76
NTD nursing interventions
prevent infection: cover sac, keep infant prone, sterile plastic over anus; observe for hydrocephalus
77
hydrocephalus S&S
rapid increase in head circumference; bulging fontanelles; shiny scalp; irritability
78
clubfoot/talipes equinovarus clinical features
male to female 2:1; the affected foot is held in flexed (equinus) and inturned (varus) position
79
Hirschsprung disease defect
failure to complete cranial to caudal migration of neural crest cells at 8-10 weeks gestation; absence of submucosal and myenteric ganglion cells
80
Hirschsprung disease clinical features
DX in the first 2 years; neonate fail to pass mec in first 48 hours of life; lack of peristalsis result in chronic constipation; emesis bile stained with texture and smell of feces; bowel removal and temporary colostomy
81
Hypospadias clinical features
the urethral orfice is situated on the ventral aspect of the penis at a site proximal to the normal opening; urethra shorter; need to delay circumcision
82
teratogens
agents that produce or increase the incidence of congenital malformations
83
teratogens examples
DRUGS: alcohol, smoking, ACE and ARBs; chemo agents, cocaine, warfarin, Accutane, phenytoin, streptomycin(hearing loss), tetracycline (dental staining), thalidomide, trimethadione, valproic acid ...INFECTIONS: CMV, Rubella, HIV, Toxoplasmosis, Herpes simples, varicella-zoster; MATERNAL DISORDERS: insulin-dependent DM,
84
FAS clinical features
microcephaly, short palpebral fissures, epicenthic folds, ptosis, small midface
85
Newborn Screening diseases
PKU, Congenial hypothyroidism, galactosemia, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, biotinidase deficiency, sickle cell disease, maple syrup urine diseasel AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE; most cause mental retardation
86
prenatal testing
US, Nuchal scan, chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, maternal serum AFP, preimplantation genetic testing, percutaneous umbilical blood sampling;
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ULTRASONOGRAPHY
5 weeks; organ system and anatomical scan 16-20 weeks; no maternal or fetus risk
88
NUCHAL SCAN
11-13 weeks; assesses the amount of fluid behind the neck of the fetus: nuchal translucency; no maternal or fetus risk
89
Chorionic villus sampling
10-12 weeks; transcervical sampling of placental tissue; ; karyotype; detection of chromosomal abnormalities; maternal risk: vaginal bleeding, infection, acute AF leakage; fetal risk: miscarriage; might stop development of feet and hands if done too early
90
Amniocentesis
14-18 weeks; insertion of a spinal needle into the uterus through the abdomen to aspirate 20-30 ml of AF; detection of chromosomal abnormalities; maternal risk: vaginal bleeding, AF leakage, infection; fetal risk: fetal loss, needle puncture, Rh sensitization, premature labor
91
Maternal serum AFP
16-20 weeks; detect NTD and chromosomal abnormalities; mother blood test; no risk
92
Human Genome Project
1990 launched; 2006 published
93
mitosis
one division two daughter cells per cycle daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell the # of chromosomes in the daughter cells is the same as the # in the parent cell occurs in somatic cells occurs through the life circle growth, repair, asexual
94
meiosis
two divisions four daughter cells per circle daughter cells are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell the # of chromosomes in the daughter cell is half that of the parent cell after sexual maturity sexual reproduction
95
transverse palmar crease
simian crease
96
brushfield spots
white speckling of the iris
97
dermatolyphics
ridged pattern of kin on fingers
98
micrognathia
small jaw
99
coloboma
cleft of the iris that looks like a key

MCN568 (11 decks)

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