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Respiratory System > Respiratory Physiology (REYNOLDS) > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology (REYNOLDS) Flashcards

1
Q

All of the following are associated w/ External respiration EXCEPT:

A. uptake of O2 and producction of CO2 within individual cells

B. Pulmonary ventilation

C. Gas diffusion across membranes and capillaries

D. Transport O2 and CO2 between alveolar/tissue capillaries

E. All of the above are associated w/ External respiration

A

A. uptake of O2 and producction of CO2 within individual cells

External respiration: includes all processes involved in exchanging O2 and CO2 w/ the environment

  • Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
  • Gas diffusion across membranes and capillaries
  • Transport of O2 and CO2 between alveolar/tissue capillaries

Internal respiration: involves the uptake of O2 and production of CO2 within individual cells (cellular respiration)

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2
Q

All of the following are associated w/ External respiration EXCEPT:

A. Gas diffusion across membranes and capillaries

B. Pulmonary ventilation

C. Cellular respiration

D. Transport O2 and CO2 between alveolar/tissue capillaries

E. All of the above are associated w/ External respiration

A

C. Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration: the uptake of O2 and production of CO2 within individual cells

Internal respiration = Cellular respiration

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3
Q

The lungs lie in a sealed fluid-filled cavity that is similar to a fluid-filled balloon surrounding an air-filled balloon. The pressure in this cavity controls the inflation of the lungs. What is the name of this cavity?

A

Pleural cavity

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4
Q

The pleural cavity of a normal lung at rest would have a pressure of _________.

A. 1.5

B. -3

C. 0

D. 2.5

A

B. -3

“you don’t need to memorize any numbers, just know that the pleural cavity of the lungs at rest have a negative pressure” - Reynolds

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5
Q

All of the following are true regarding the Pleural cavity EXCEPT:

A. Consists of parietal pleura attached to the lungs and visceral pleura attached to the chest wall

B. Surrounds the lungs and contains pleural fluid

C. Controls inflation of the lungs

D. The diaphragm forms the floor of the cavity

E. All of the above are true regarding the pleural cavity

A

A. Consists of parietal pleura attached to the lungs and visceral pleura attached to the chest wall

Correct statement:

Parietal pleura is attached to the Chest wall

Visceral pleura is attachaed to the Lungs

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6
Q

Discuss the Pleural Cavity:

  • What is it?
  • What does it control?
  • What is it formed by?
  • What is the name of the fluid within the cavity and what forces does it exhibit?
A

Pleural Cavity:

  • The lungs lie in a sealed fluid-filled (pleural fluid) cavity that is similar to a fluid-filled balloon surrounding an air-filled ballon.
  • Controls inflation of the lungs
  • Formed by:
    • Parietal pleura attached to the chest wall
    • Visceral pleura attached to the lungs
    • Diphragm forms the floor of the cavity
  • Pleural fluid exhibits cohesive forces
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7
Q

What is another way to think about cohesive forces and how can you apply this concept to the lungs?

A

Cohesive Forces

2 glass slides with fluid in between. You can easily slide the two pieces of glass apart from each other but can’t pull them apart vertically.

This is what prevents the lungs from collapsing (pneumothorax)

  • Intrapleural fluid provides a slippery surface that allows the lungs to slide withing chest wall
  • Cohesive forces compel the lungs to expand as thoracic volume increases: they expand as a single unit
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8
Q

Which of the following attaches the Pleural cavity to the lungs?

A. Parietal pleura

B. Visceral pleura

C. Diaphragm

D. All of the above

A

B. Visceral pleura

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9
Q

Which of the following attaches the Pleural cavity to the chest cavity?

A. Parietal pleura

B. Visceral pleura

C. Diaphragm

D. All of the above

A

A. Parietal pleura

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10
Q

Which of the following forms the floor of the Pleural cavity?

A. Parietal pleura

B. Visceral pleura

C. Diaphragm

D. All of the above

A

C. Diaphragm

Parietal pleura = chest wall

Visceral pleura = lungs

Floor of the Pleural cavity = Diaphragm

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11
Q

What holds the lungs and chest cage together?

A. Pleural space

B. Pleural fluid

C. Cohesive forces

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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12
Q

Discuss the concept of the hanger and rubberband:

A

If you cut a hanger and put a rubberband around the 2 ends, the rubberband will pull the two ends together. If you suddenly cut the rubberband the two ends of the hanger will fling open.

  • The Lungs want to collapse (rubberband)
  • The Chest wall wants to expand (hanger)
  • Cohesive forces counteract both, ensuring transmural pressure
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13
Q

All of the following are true regarding Compliance EXCEPT:

A. Measure of the expandibility of the lung

B. Elastin, collagen, surface tension of liquid in the lung effects compliance

C. High compliance: increased stiffness affects pressure needed to expand lung volume

D. All of the above are true regarding compliance

A

C. High compliance: increased stiffness affects pressure needed to expand lung volume

Compliance:

  • Measure of the expandability of the lung
  • Elastin, collagen, surface tension of liquid in the lung
  • Low compliance: increased stiffness affects pressure needed to expand lung volume (needs more work)

High compliance = easily stretched

Low compliance = stiff

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14
Q

Discuss compliance:

  • What is it a measure of?
  • What effects compliance?
  • What does high compliance mean?
A

Compliance:

  • Measure of the expandibility of the lung
  • Elastin, collagen, surface tension of liquid in the lung all effect compliance (more elastin = more compliant)
  • High compliance = decreased stiffness
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15
Q

All of the following are true regarding Compliance EXCEPT:

A. Degree of ease in airflow

B. Elastin, collagen, surface tension of liquid in the lung effects compliance

C. Low compliance: increased stiffness affects pressure needed to expand lung volume

D. All of the above are true regarding compliance

A

A. Degree of ease in airflow

Resistance:

  • Degree of ease in airflow
  • Determined by number, length, diameter of airways
  • Deep inhalation reduces resistance
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16
Q

All of the following are true regarding Resistance EXCEPT:

A. Degree of ease in airflow

B. The number of the airways have the largest effect on resistance

C. Determined by number, length, and diameter of airways

D. Deep inhalation reduces resistance

E. All of the above are true regarding resistance

A

B. The number of the airways have the largest effect on resistance

note: diameter has the largest effect on airways. Think about it… squeezing an airway will create way more resistance than increasing the length of the airway

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17
Q

Discuss Resistance:

  • What is resistance referring to in regards to the respiratory system?
  • What 3 things determine the resistance of airways?
  • Which of the the 3 above have the greatest effect on resistance?
  • Deep ______ reduces resistance.
    • A. inhalation
    • B. exhalation
A

Resistance:

  • What is resistance referring to in regards to the respiratory system?
    • degree of ease in airflow
  • What 3 things determine the resistance of airways?
    • number, length and diameter of airways
  • Which of the the 3 above have the greatest effect on resistance?
    • Diameter
  • Deep ______ reduces resistance.
    • A. inhalation
    • B. exhalation
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18
Q

(T/F)

The primary determinant of resistance to airflow is the ______ of the conducting airway.

A

Radius

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19
Q

Which of the following is FRC?

A. point A

B. point B

C. point C

D. point D

E. point E

A

A. point A

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20
Q

Which of the following points on the graph is total lung capacity?

A. point A

B. point B

C. point C

D. point D

E. point E

A

D. point D

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21
Q

You are currently at point A and your sternocleidomastoid muscles contract suddenly, you would move to point ________.

A. point E

B. point A

C. point C

D. point D

A

D. point D

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22
Q

Which way on the compliance curve does each of the following “want” to be?

  • Lungs
  • Chest cavity
A

The lungs always want to be smaller (going to the bottom of the curve)

The chest cavity wants to be larger but no larger than point C or B

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23
Q

At total lung capacity, th elastic recoil of the chest wall is directed?

A. Inward

B. Outward

C. Neither inward nor outward

A

A. Inward

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24
Q

At functional reserve capacity (FRC), the elastic recoil of the chest wall is directed?

A. Inward

B. Outward

C. Neither inward nor outward

A

B. Outward

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25
Q

At functional residual capacity (FRC), the elastic recoil of the lungs is directed?

A. Inward

B. Outward

C. Neither inward nor outward

A

A. Inward

Note: The lungs always want to be smaller! think about a balloon with air. If you let out the air the balloon will alway want to get smaller

Note: no matter what the exam question says, the lungs always want to go inward

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26
Q

At approximately 70-80% of total lung capacity, the elastic recoil of the chest wall is directed _______.

A. Inward

B. Outward

C. Neither inward nor outward

A

C. Neither inward or outward

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27
Q

The normal chest wall has the greatest negative (outward directed) recoil at:

A. FRC (Functional Residual Capacity)

B. 1L above FRC

C. Just after passibe inhalation

D. 1L below FRC

E. TLC (total lung capacity)

A

D. 1L below FRC

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28
Q

What is meant by a negative recoil?

A. Inward

B. Outward

A

B. Outward

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29
Q

______ is used to measure the volume of air breathed in and out. Useful in diagnosis of respiratory dysfunction.

A

Spirometer

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30
Q

The compliance of the respiratory system is determined by all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Compliance of the lungs

B. Surface tension of liquid in the lungs

C. Elastic recoil of lungs (amount of elastic fibers present in the tissue)

D. Stiffness of chest wall

E. All of the above determines compliance of respiratory system

A

E. All of the above determines compliance of respiratory system

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31
Q

The compliance of the respiratory system is determined by all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Compliance of the lungs

B. Surface tension of liquid in the lungs

C. Elastic recoil of lungs (amount of elastic fibers present in the tissue)

D. Compliance of chest wall

E. All of the above determines compliance of respiratory system

A

D. Compliance of chest wall

correct answer: stiffness of chest wall

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32
Q

As compliance decreases, the lungs or thoracic cavity are _____.

A. Easier to inflate

B. Harder to inflate

A

B. Harder to inflate

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33
Q

A decrease in compliance caused by fibrosis (increased collagen fibers) may result in _______.

A. Emphysema

B. Chronic bronchitis

C. ARDS

D. None of the above

A

C. ARDS

Emphysema = increase in compliance (harder to deflate lungs)

ARDS = decrease in compliance (harder to inflate)

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34
Q

An increase in compliance would make it more difficult for the lungs to deflate causing a condition known as _______.

A. Emphysema

B. Chronic bronchitis

C. ARDS

D. None of the above

A

A. Emphysema

Emphysema = increase in compliance (harder to deflate lungs)

ARDS = decrease in compliance (harder to inflate)

35
Q

All of the following are true regarding Inhalation EXCEPT:

A. Diaphragm and external intercostals contract during passive inhalation

B. Causes an increase in size of the thoracic cavity

C. Increases pleural pressure

D. The sternocleidomastoid contracts during active inhalation

E. All of the above are true regarding inhalation

A

C. Increases pleural pressure

note: when you inhale, you increase the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs causing a decrease in pleural pressure

Boyle’s Law = pressure and volume have an inverse relationship

Passive Inhalation = contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals

Passive Exhalation = relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

Active Inhalation = contraction of sternocleidomastoid

Active Exhalation = contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

36
Q

Which of the following is true regarding Inhalation?

A. Diaphragm and internal intercostals contract during passive inhalation

B. Diaphragm and external intercostals contract during passive inhalation

C. Contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

D. Diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract

E. All of the above are true regarding inhalation

A

B. Diaphragm and external intercostals contract during passive inhalation

Passive Inhalation = contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals

Passive Exhalation = relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

Active Inhalation = contraction of sternocleidomastoid

Active Exhalation = contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

37
Q

Which of the following is true regarding Passive Exhalation?

A. Diaphragm and internal intercostals contract during passive inhalation

B. Diaphragm and external intercostals contract during passive inhalation

C. Contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

D. Diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract

E. Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

A

E. Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

Passive Inhalation = contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals

Passive Exhalation = relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

Active Inhalation = contraction of sternocleidomastoid

Active Exhalation = contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

38
Q

Which of the following is true regarding Active Exhalation?

A. Diaphragm and internal intercostals contract during passive inhalation

B. Diaphragm and external intercostals contract during passive inhalation

C. Contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

D. Diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract

E. Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

A

C. Contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

Passive Inhalation = contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals

Passive Exhalation = relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

Active Inhalation = contraction of sternocleidomastoid

Active Exhalation = contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

39
Q

Which of the following is true regarding Active inhalation?

A. Contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

B. Diaphragm and external intercostals contract during passive inhalation

C. Contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

D. Diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract

E. Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

A

A. Contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Passive Inhalation = contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals

Passive Exhalation = relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

Active Inhalation = contraction of sternocleidomastoid

Active Exhalation = contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

40
Q

All of the following are true regarding Exhalation EXCEPT:

A. Diaphragm and external intercostals relax during passive exhalation

B. Causes an decrease in size of the thoracic cavity

C. Decrease in pleural pressure

D. Contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles during active exhalation

E. All of the above are true regarding inhalation

A

C. Decrease in pleural pressure

Correct statement = increase in pleural pressure due to a decrease in volume (boyle’s law)

41
Q

All of the following is true regarding the Medullary respiratory center EXCEPT:

A. main control center

B. Includes the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and ventral respiratory group (VRG)

C. Includes pneumotaxic center and apneustic center

D. All of the above is true regarding the Medullary Respiratory Center

A

C. Includes pneumotaxic center and apneustic center

Medullary respiratory center: main control center

  • Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) and Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

Pons centers:

  • Pneeumotaxic center and Apneustic center
42
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the Pons centers?

A. main control center

B. Includes the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and ventral respiratory group (VRG)

C. Includes pneumotaxic center and apneustic center

D. All of the above is true regarding the Pons Center

A

C. Includes pneumotaxic center and apneustic center

43
Q

______ contain both inspiratory and expiratory neurons which become active during period when demands on ventilation are increased.

A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

C. Pneumotaxic center

D. Apneustic center

A

B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

DRG = contains inspiratory neurons and sets normal rhythm

VRG = contain both inspiratory and expiratory neurons which become active during period when demands on ventilation are increased

Pneumotaxic center = sends impulses to the dorsal neurons thatt help “switch off” the inspiratory neurons

Apneustic center = prevents the inspiratory neurons from being switched off, thus providing an extra boost to the inspiratory drive

44
Q

________ prevens the inspiratory neurons from being switched off, thus provide an extra boost to the inspiratory drive.

A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

C. Pneumotaxic center

D. Apneustic center

A

D. Apneustic center

DRG = contains inspiratory neurons and sets normal rhythm

VRG = contain both inspiratory and expiratory neurons which become active during period when demands on ventilation are increased

Pneumotaxic center = sends impulses to the dorsal neurons thatt help “switch off” the inspiratory neurons

Apneustic center = prevents the inspiratory neurons from being switched off, thus providing an extra boost to the inspiratory drive

45
Q

_______ contain inspiratory neurons and imposes rhythmic firing thus sets normal rhythm.

A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

C. Pneumotaxic center

D. Apneustic center

A

A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

DRG = contains inspiratory neurons and sets normal rhythm

VRG = contain both inspiratory and expiratory neurons which become active during period when demands on ventilation are increased

Pneumotaxic center = sends impulses to the dorsal neurons thatt help “switch off” the inspiratory neurons

Apneustic center = prevents the inspiratory neurons from being switched off, thus providing an extra boost to the inspiratory drive

46
Q

______ sends impulses to the dorsal neurons that help “switch off” the inspiratory neurons.

A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

C. Pneumotaxic center

D. Apneustic center

A

C. Pneumotaxic center

DRG = contains inspiratory neurons and sets normal rhythm

VRG = contain both inspiratory and expiratory neurons which become active during period when demands on ventilation are increased

Pneumotaxic center = sends impulses to the dorsal neurons thatt help “switch off” the inspiratory neurons

Apneustic center = prevents the inspiratory neurons from being switched off, thus providing an extra boost to the inspiratory drive

47
Q

Which of the following sets normal rhythm?

A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

C. Pneumotaxic center

D. Apneustic centerv

A

A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

48
Q

Which of the following “swtich off” inspiratory neurons?

A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

C. Pneumotaxic center

D. Apneustic center

A

C. Pneumotaxic center

49
Q

Which of the following prevents inspiratory neurons from being swtiched off inspiratory neurons?

A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

C. Pneumotaxic center

D. Apneustic center

A

D. Apneustic center

50
Q

Which of the following is referred to as the “pacemaker” of the respiratory system?

A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

C. Pneumotaxic center

D. Apneustic center

A

A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

51
Q

Periodic firing of DRG neurons sends impulses via ________ to diaphragm.

A

Phrenic nerve

52
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm causes ______.

A. inspiration

B. expiration

A

A. inspiration

note: the diaphragm contracts downwards pull the lungs down thus increasing the volume of the lungs

53
Q

What are the 6 muscles involved in Inhalation?

What are the 3 muscles involved in Exhalation?

A

Inhalation:

  • diaphragm and external intercostals
  • sternocleidomastoid and scalenes
  • serratus anterior and pectoralis minor

Exhalation:

  • internal intercostals, rectus abdominus and transversus thoracis
    note: don’t forget that relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals occurs during passive exhaltion
54
Q

__________ is the volume of fresh air introduced into the gas exchanging regions of the lungs per minute.

A

Alveolar ventilation

55
Q

Alveolar ventilation is the volume of ______ air introduced into the gas exchanging regions of the lungs per minute.

A

FRESH

56
Q

What is the formula for Alveolar Ventilation?

A

VA = VT - VD

Alveolar ventilation = tidal volume - dead space

57
Q

(T/F)

Alveoli contain less CO2 than the atmosphere.

A

False

Correct statement: Alveoli contain more CO2 and less O2 than the atmosphere

58
Q

What is the formula for Minute Alveolar Ventilation?

***POSSIBLE EXAM Q***

A

Minute Alveolar Ventilation

M.A.V. = frequency of breaths (tidal volume - dead space)

M.A.V. = rate (VT - VD)

59
Q

A pt has a rate of 12 breaths/min, the tidal volume is 500ml and dead space is approximately 150ml. Calculate the Minute Alveolar Ventilation.

A

M.A.V. = 12 (500 - 150)

350 x 12 = 4,200

60
Q

Discuss the size of Alveoli in respect to a “slinky”:

A

If you hold a slinky up, the bottom of the slinky will be closer together and the top will be more spread apart. The top of the slinky is harder to stretch (open) because it is already stretched. The bottom of the slinky has not been stretched much so they will be easier to stretch (open) than the top

Because of gravity, the alveoli at the base (bottom) of the lung are smaller in size than the alveoli at the apex (top) of the lung

Because of surfactant, small alveoli open easier than large

Therefore, the base of the lung receives majority of the ventilation

note: the base (bottom) of the lungs has a higher compliance (stretchyness) than the top.

Base of lung = higher compliance, higher ventilation

61
Q

The alveoli at the apex (top) of the lung are:

A. larger than the alveoli at the base (bottom)

B. smaller than the alveoli at the base (bottom)

A

A. larger than the alveoli at the base (bottom)

note: due to surfactant, the alveoli at the base (bottom) of the lung are smaller but way easier to open than the apex (top) thus giving alveoli at the base majority of ventilation

62
Q

About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood ______.

A. as dissolved CO2 in the blood plasma

B. as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells

C. combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin

D. as bicarbonate ions in the blood

E. as carbonic acid in the red blood cells

A

D. as bicarbonate ions in the blood

7% of CO2 = blood plasma

93% of CO2 = red blood cells

70% of CO2 = as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma

23% of CO2 = combined w/ hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin

63
Q

About 23% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood ______.

A. as dissolved CO2 in the blood plasma

B. as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells

C. combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin

D. as bicarbonate ions in the blood

E. as carbonic acid in the red blood cells

A

C. combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin

7% of CO2 = blood plasma

93% of CO2 = red blood cells

70% of CO2 = as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma

23% of CO2 = combined w/ hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin

64
Q

About 7% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood ______.

A. as dissolved CO2 in the blood plasma

B. as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells

C. combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin

D. as bicarbonate ions in the blood

E. as carbonic acid in the red blood cells

A

A. as dissolved CO2 in the blood plasma

7% of CO2 = blood plasma

93% of CO2 = red blood cells

70% of CO2 = as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma

23% of CO2 = combined w/ hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin

65
Q

About 93% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood ______.

A. as dissolved CO2 in the blood plasma

B. as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells

C. combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin

D. diffuses into red blood cells

E. as carbonic acid in the red blood cells

A

D. diffuses into red blood cells

7% of CO2 = blood plasma

93% of CO2 = red blood cells

70% of CO2 = as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma

23% of CO2 = combined w/ hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin

66
Q

98.5% of oxygen ______.

A. will be bound to hemoglobin

B. will go into the plasma

A

A. will be bound to hemoglobin

  1. 5% of O2 = hemoglobin
  2. 5% of O2 = plasma
67
Q

1.5% of oxygen ______.

A. will be bound to hemoglobin

B. will go into the plasma

A

B. will go into the plasma

  1. 5% of O2 = hemoglobin
  2. 5% of O2 = plasma
68
Q

Hemoglobin can bind up to ______.

A. 1 oxygen molecule

B. 2 oxygen molecules

C. 3 oxygen molecules

D. 4 oxygen molecules

E. 8 oxygen molecules

A

D. 4 oxygen molecules

69
Q

Which of the following produces surfactant?

A. Type I alveolar cells

B. Type II alveolar cells

C. Clara cells

D. Ciliated cells

A

B. Type II alveolar cells

70
Q

Which of the following will receive the majority of venilation?

A. Apex of lungs

B. Base of lungs

A

B. Base of lungs

“slinky”

71
Q

Where is compliance the highest?

A. Apex of lungs

B. Base of lungs

A

B. Base of lungs

72
Q

Where is alveolar ventilation the highest?

A. Apex of lungs

B. Base of lungs

A

B. Base of lungs

73
Q

Where is compliance the lowest?

A. Apex of lungs

B. Base of lungs

A

A. Apex of lungs

74
Q

Which of the following is the top of the lung?

A. apex

B. base

A

A. apex

“BASE is at the BOTTOM”

75
Q

(T/F)

The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide are the same in the alveoli as they are in the atmosphere.

A

False

Correct statement: The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide are NOT the same in the alveoli as they are in the atmosphere

note: the atmosphere has SIGNIFICANTLY LESS CO2 than alveoli

76
Q

If you contract the internal intercostals and rectus abdominus, the elastic recoil of the chest wall will be directed in which direction?

A. Inward

B. Outward

C. Neither

A

B. Outward

note: contracting the internal intercostals and rectus abdominus is done during active exhalation (when you breath out as much air as you can). The chest wall is smaller than it wants to be so the elastic recoil of the chest wall will be directed outward

77
Q

If you only contract the external intercostals and diaphragm, the elastic recoil of the chest wall will be directed ________.

A. Inward

B. Outward

C. Neither inward nor outward

A

C. Neither inward nor outward

note: when you contract the external intercostals and diaphragm during passive inhalation, the chest wall will be at point C on the compliance curve (which is where the chest wall “wants” to be

78
Q

If you relax the external intercostals and diaphragm, the elastic recoil of the chest wall will be directed ________.

A. Inward

B. Outward

C. Neither inward nor outward

A

B. Outward

note: this would be point A on the compliance curve (FRC) and the chest wall would be smaller than it wants to be thus having an elastic recoil directed outward

79
Q

If you contracted your sternocleidomastoid muscle, the elastic recoil of the chest wall would be directed _______.

A. inward

B. outward

C. neither inward nor outward

A

A. inward

note: contracting the sternocleidomastoid will put you at point D on the compliance curve (which is total lung capacity) (you’ve inhaled as much as you can). The chest wall would be larger than it wants to be thus having an elastic recoil directed inward

80
Q

If you contracted your internal intercostals and rectus abdominus muscle, the elastic recoil of the chest wall would be directed _______.

A. inward

B. outward

C. neither inward nor outward

A

B. outward

note: if you contract your internal intercostals and rectus abdominus you are in active exhalation. You would be at point E on the compliance curve. At this point, your chest wall is smaller than it wants to be thus having an elastic recoil directed outward

81
Q

The normal chest wall has the greatest positive (inward directed) recoil at:

A. FRC (functional residual capacity)

B. 1L above FRC

C. Just after passive inhalation

D. 1L below FRC

E. TLC (total lung capacity)

A

E. TLC (total lung capacity)

82
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC) is a combination of which of the following?

(select two of the answer choices)

A. Tidal volume (TV)

B. Residual volume (RV)

C. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

D. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

E. Function residual volume (FRC)

A

A. Tidal volume (TV)

C. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Inspiratory capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

83
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC) is a combination of which of the following?

(select two of the answer choices)

A. Tidal volume (TV)

B. Residual volume (RV)

C. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

D. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

E. Function residual capacity (FRC)

A

B. Residual volume (RV)

D. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Functional residual volume = residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

84
Q

Vital capacity (VC) is a combination of which of the following?

(select two of the answer choices)

A. Tidal volume (TV)

B. Residual volume (RV)

C. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

D. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

E. Function residual capacity (FRC)

A

C. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

D. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Vital capacity = IRV + ERV

***POSSIBLE EXAM Q***

Respiratory System (5 decks)

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