Respiratory Physiology (REYNOLDS) Flashcards
All of the following are associated w/ External respiration EXCEPT:
A. uptake of O2 and producction of CO2 within individual cells
B. Pulmonary ventilation
C. Gas diffusion across membranes and capillaries
D. Transport O2 and CO2 between alveolar/tissue capillaries
E. All of the above are associated w/ External respiration
A. uptake of O2 and producction of CO2 within individual cells
External respiration: includes all processes involved in exchanging O2 and CO2 w/ the environment
- Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
- Gas diffusion across membranes and capillaries
- Transport of O2 and CO2 between alveolar/tissue capillaries
Internal respiration: involves the uptake of O2 and production of CO2 within individual cells (cellular respiration)
All of the following are associated w/ External respiration EXCEPT:
A. Gas diffusion across membranes and capillaries
B. Pulmonary ventilation
C. Cellular respiration
D. Transport O2 and CO2 between alveolar/tissue capillaries
E. All of the above are associated w/ External respiration
C. Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration: the uptake of O2 and production of CO2 within individual cells
Internal respiration = Cellular respiration
The lungs lie in a sealed fluid-filled cavity that is similar to a fluid-filled balloon surrounding an air-filled balloon. The pressure in this cavity controls the inflation of the lungs. What is the name of this cavity?
Pleural cavity
The pleural cavity of a normal lung at rest would have a pressure of _________.
A. 1.5
B. -3
C. 0
D. 2.5
B. -3
“you don’t need to memorize any numbers, just know that the pleural cavity of the lungs at rest have a negative pressure” - Reynolds
All of the following are true regarding the Pleural cavity EXCEPT:
A. Consists of parietal pleura attached to the lungs and visceral pleura attached to the chest wall
B. Surrounds the lungs and contains pleural fluid
C. Controls inflation of the lungs
D. The diaphragm forms the floor of the cavity
E. All of the above are true regarding the pleural cavity
A. Consists of parietal pleura attached to the lungs and visceral pleura attached to the chest wall
Correct statement:
Parietal pleura is attached to the Chest wall
Visceral pleura is attachaed to the Lungs
Discuss the Pleural Cavity:
- What is it?
- What does it control?
- What is it formed by?
- What is the name of the fluid within the cavity and what forces does it exhibit?
Pleural Cavity:
- The lungs lie in a sealed fluid-filled (pleural fluid) cavity that is similar to a fluid-filled balloon surrounding an air-filled ballon.
- Controls inflation of the lungs
- Formed by:
- Parietal pleura attached to the chest wall
- Visceral pleura attached to the lungs
- Diphragm forms the floor of the cavity
- Pleural fluid exhibits cohesive forces
What is another way to think about cohesive forces and how can you apply this concept to the lungs?
Cohesive Forces
2 glass slides with fluid in between. You can easily slide the two pieces of glass apart from each other but can’t pull them apart vertically.
This is what prevents the lungs from collapsing (pneumothorax)
- Intrapleural fluid provides a slippery surface that allows the lungs to slide withing chest wall
- Cohesive forces compel the lungs to expand as thoracic volume increases: they expand as a single unit
Which of the following attaches the Pleural cavity to the lungs?
A. Parietal pleura
B. Visceral pleura
C. Diaphragm
D. All of the above
B. Visceral pleura
Which of the following attaches the Pleural cavity to the chest cavity?
A. Parietal pleura
B. Visceral pleura
C. Diaphragm
D. All of the above
A. Parietal pleura
Which of the following forms the floor of the Pleural cavity?
A. Parietal pleura
B. Visceral pleura
C. Diaphragm
D. All of the above
C. Diaphragm
Parietal pleura = chest wall
Visceral pleura = lungs
Floor of the Pleural cavity = Diaphragm
What holds the lungs and chest cage together?
A. Pleural space
B. Pleural fluid
C. Cohesive forces
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Discuss the concept of the hanger and rubberband:
If you cut a hanger and put a rubberband around the 2 ends, the rubberband will pull the two ends together. If you suddenly cut the rubberband the two ends of the hanger will fling open.
- The Lungs want to collapse (rubberband)
- The Chest wall wants to expand (hanger)
- Cohesive forces counteract both, ensuring transmural pressure
All of the following are true regarding Compliance EXCEPT:
A. Measure of the expandibility of the lung
B. Elastin, collagen, surface tension of liquid in the lung effects compliance
C. High compliance: increased stiffness affects pressure needed to expand lung volume
D. All of the above are true regarding compliance
C. High compliance: increased stiffness affects pressure needed to expand lung volume
Compliance:
- Measure of the expandability of the lung
- Elastin, collagen, surface tension of liquid in the lung
- Low compliance: increased stiffness affects pressure needed to expand lung volume (needs more work)
High compliance = easily stretched
Low compliance = stiff
Discuss compliance:
- What is it a measure of?
- What effects compliance?
- What does high compliance mean?
Compliance:
- Measure of the expandibility of the lung
- Elastin, collagen, surface tension of liquid in the lung all effect compliance (more elastin = more compliant)
- High compliance = decreased stiffness
All of the following are true regarding Compliance EXCEPT:
A. Degree of ease in airflow
B. Elastin, collagen, surface tension of liquid in the lung effects compliance
C. Low compliance: increased stiffness affects pressure needed to expand lung volume
D. All of the above are true regarding compliance
A. Degree of ease in airflow
Resistance:
- Degree of ease in airflow
- Determined by number, length, diameter of airways
- Deep inhalation reduces resistance
All of the following are true regarding Resistance EXCEPT:
A. Degree of ease in airflow
B. The number of the airways have the largest effect on resistance
C. Determined by number, length, and diameter of airways
D. Deep inhalation reduces resistance
E. All of the above are true regarding resistance
B. The number of the airways have the largest effect on resistance
note: diameter has the largest effect on airways. Think about it… squeezing an airway will create way more resistance than increasing the length of the airway
Discuss Resistance:
- What is resistance referring to in regards to the respiratory system?
- What 3 things determine the resistance of airways?
- Which of the the 3 above have the greatest effect on resistance?
- Deep ______ reduces resistance.
- A. inhalation
- B. exhalation
Resistance:
- What is resistance referring to in regards to the respiratory system?
- degree of ease in airflow
- What 3 things determine the resistance of airways?
- number, length and diameter of airways
- Which of the the 3 above have the greatest effect on resistance?
- Diameter
- Deep ______ reduces resistance.
- A. inhalation
- B. exhalation
(T/F)
The primary determinant of resistance to airflow is the ______ of the conducting airway.
Radius
Which of the following is FRC?
A. point A
B. point B
C. point C
D. point D
E. point E
A. point A
Which of the following points on the graph is total lung capacity?
A. point A
B. point B
C. point C
D. point D
E. point E
D. point D
You are currently at point A and your sternocleidomastoid muscles contract suddenly, you would move to point ________.
A. point E
B. point A
C. point C
D. point D
D. point D
Which way on the compliance curve does each of the following “want” to be?
- Lungs
- Chest cavity
The lungs always want to be smaller (going to the bottom of the curve)
The chest cavity wants to be larger but no larger than point C or B
At total lung capacity, th elastic recoil of the chest wall is directed?
A. Inward
B. Outward
C. Neither inward nor outward
A. Inward
At functional reserve capacity (FRC), the elastic recoil of the chest wall is directed?
A. Inward
B. Outward
C. Neither inward nor outward
B. Outward
At functional residual capacity (FRC), the elastic recoil of the lungs is directed?
A. Inward
B. Outward
C. Neither inward nor outward
A. Inward
Note: The lungs always want to be smaller! think about a balloon with air. If you let out the air the balloon will alway want to get smaller
Note: no matter what the exam question says, the lungs always want to go inward
At approximately 70-80% of total lung capacity, the elastic recoil of the chest wall is directed _______.
A. Inward
B. Outward
C. Neither inward nor outward
C. Neither inward or outward
The normal chest wall has the greatest negative (outward directed) recoil at:
A. FRC (Functional Residual Capacity)
B. 1L above FRC
C. Just after passibe inhalation
D. 1L below FRC
E. TLC (total lung capacity)
D. 1L below FRC
What is meant by a negative recoil?
A. Inward
B. Outward
B. Outward
______ is used to measure the volume of air breathed in and out. Useful in diagnosis of respiratory dysfunction.
Spirometer
The compliance of the respiratory system is determined by all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Compliance of the lungs
B. Surface tension of liquid in the lungs
C. Elastic recoil of lungs (amount of elastic fibers present in the tissue)
D. Stiffness of chest wall
E. All of the above determines compliance of respiratory system
E. All of the above determines compliance of respiratory system
The compliance of the respiratory system is determined by all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Compliance of the lungs
B. Surface tension of liquid in the lungs
C. Elastic recoil of lungs (amount of elastic fibers present in the tissue)
D. Compliance of chest wall
E. All of the above determines compliance of respiratory system
D. Compliance of chest wall
correct answer: stiffness of chest wall
As compliance decreases, the lungs or thoracic cavity are _____.
A. Easier to inflate
B. Harder to inflate
B. Harder to inflate
A decrease in compliance caused by fibrosis (increased collagen fibers) may result in _______.
A. Emphysema
B. Chronic bronchitis
C. ARDS
D. None of the above
C. ARDS
Emphysema = increase in compliance (harder to deflate lungs)
ARDS = decrease in compliance (harder to inflate)
An increase in compliance would make it more difficult for the lungs to deflate causing a condition known as _______.
A. Emphysema
B. Chronic bronchitis
C. ARDS
D. None of the above
A. Emphysema
Emphysema = increase in compliance (harder to deflate lungs)
ARDS = decrease in compliance (harder to inflate)
All of the following are true regarding Inhalation EXCEPT:
A. Diaphragm and external intercostals contract during passive inhalation
B. Causes an increase in size of the thoracic cavity
C. Increases pleural pressure
D. The sternocleidomastoid contracts during active inhalation
E. All of the above are true regarding inhalation
C. Increases pleural pressure
note: when you inhale, you increase the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs causing a decrease in pleural pressure
Boyle’s Law = pressure and volume have an inverse relationship
Passive Inhalation = contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
Passive Exhalation = relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals
Active Inhalation = contraction of sternocleidomastoid
Active Exhalation = contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
Which of the following is true regarding Inhalation?
A. Diaphragm and internal intercostals contract during passive inhalation
B. Diaphragm and external intercostals contract during passive inhalation
C. Contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
D. Diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract
E. All of the above are true regarding inhalation
B. Diaphragm and external intercostals contract during passive inhalation
Passive Inhalation = contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
Passive Exhalation = relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals
Active Inhalation = contraction of sternocleidomastoid
Active Exhalation = contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
Which of the following is true regarding Passive Exhalation?
A. Diaphragm and internal intercostals contract during passive inhalation
B. Diaphragm and external intercostals contract during passive inhalation
C. Contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
D. Diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract
E. Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals
E. Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals
Passive Inhalation = contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
Passive Exhalation = relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals
Active Inhalation = contraction of sternocleidomastoid
Active Exhalation = contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
Which of the following is true regarding Active Exhalation?
A. Diaphragm and internal intercostals contract during passive inhalation
B. Diaphragm and external intercostals contract during passive inhalation
C. Contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
D. Diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract
E. Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals
C. Contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
Passive Inhalation = contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
Passive Exhalation = relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals
Active Inhalation = contraction of sternocleidomastoid
Active Exhalation = contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
Which of the following is true regarding Active inhalation?
A. Contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
B. Diaphragm and external intercostals contract during passive inhalation
C. Contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
D. Diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract
E. Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals
A. Contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Passive Inhalation = contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
Passive Exhalation = relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals
Active Inhalation = contraction of sternocleidomastoid
Active Exhalation = contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
All of the following are true regarding Exhalation EXCEPT:
A. Diaphragm and external intercostals relax during passive exhalation
B. Causes an decrease in size of the thoracic cavity
C. Decrease in pleural pressure
D. Contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles during active exhalation
E. All of the above are true regarding inhalation
C. Decrease in pleural pressure
Correct statement = increase in pleural pressure due to a decrease in volume (boyle’s law)
All of the following is true regarding the Medullary respiratory center EXCEPT:
A. main control center
B. Includes the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and ventral respiratory group (VRG)
C. Includes pneumotaxic center and apneustic center
D. All of the above is true regarding the Medullary Respiratory Center
C. Includes pneumotaxic center and apneustic center
Medullary respiratory center: main control center
- Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) and Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
Pons centers:
- Pneeumotaxic center and Apneustic center
Which of the following is true regarding the Pons centers?
A. main control center
B. Includes the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and ventral respiratory group (VRG)
C. Includes pneumotaxic center and apneustic center
D. All of the above is true regarding the Pons Center
C. Includes pneumotaxic center and apneustic center
______ contain both inspiratory and expiratory neurons which become active during period when demands on ventilation are increased.
A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
C. Pneumotaxic center
D. Apneustic center
B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
DRG = contains inspiratory neurons and sets normal rhythm
VRG = contain both inspiratory and expiratory neurons which become active during period when demands on ventilation are increased
Pneumotaxic center = sends impulses to the dorsal neurons thatt help “switch off” the inspiratory neurons
Apneustic center = prevents the inspiratory neurons from being switched off, thus providing an extra boost to the inspiratory drive
________ prevens the inspiratory neurons from being switched off, thus provide an extra boost to the inspiratory drive.
A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
C. Pneumotaxic center
D. Apneustic center
D. Apneustic center
DRG = contains inspiratory neurons and sets normal rhythm
VRG = contain both inspiratory and expiratory neurons which become active during period when demands on ventilation are increased
Pneumotaxic center = sends impulses to the dorsal neurons thatt help “switch off” the inspiratory neurons
Apneustic center = prevents the inspiratory neurons from being switched off, thus providing an extra boost to the inspiratory drive
_______ contain inspiratory neurons and imposes rhythmic firing thus sets normal rhythm.
A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
C. Pneumotaxic center
D. Apneustic center
A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
DRG = contains inspiratory neurons and sets normal rhythm
VRG = contain both inspiratory and expiratory neurons which become active during period when demands on ventilation are increased
Pneumotaxic center = sends impulses to the dorsal neurons thatt help “switch off” the inspiratory neurons
Apneustic center = prevents the inspiratory neurons from being switched off, thus providing an extra boost to the inspiratory drive
______ sends impulses to the dorsal neurons that help “switch off” the inspiratory neurons.
A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
C. Pneumotaxic center
D. Apneustic center
C. Pneumotaxic center
DRG = contains inspiratory neurons and sets normal rhythm
VRG = contain both inspiratory and expiratory neurons which become active during period when demands on ventilation are increased
Pneumotaxic center = sends impulses to the dorsal neurons thatt help “switch off” the inspiratory neurons
Apneustic center = prevents the inspiratory neurons from being switched off, thus providing an extra boost to the inspiratory drive
Which of the following sets normal rhythm?
A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
C. Pneumotaxic center
D. Apneustic centerv
A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
Which of the following “swtich off” inspiratory neurons?
A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
C. Pneumotaxic center
D. Apneustic center
C. Pneumotaxic center
Which of the following prevents inspiratory neurons from being swtiched off inspiratory neurons?
A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
C. Pneumotaxic center
D. Apneustic center
D. Apneustic center
Which of the following is referred to as the “pacemaker” of the respiratory system?
A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
B. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
C. Pneumotaxic center
D. Apneustic center
A. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
Periodic firing of DRG neurons sends impulses via ________ to diaphragm.
Phrenic nerve
Contraction of the diaphragm causes ______.
A. inspiration
B. expiration
A. inspiration
note: the diaphragm contracts downwards pull the lungs down thus increasing the volume of the lungs
What are the 6 muscles involved in Inhalation?
What are the 3 muscles involved in Exhalation?
Inhalation:
- diaphragm and external intercostals
- sternocleidomastoid and scalenes
- serratus anterior and pectoralis minor
Exhalation:
- internal intercostals, rectus abdominus and transversus thoracis
note: don’t forget that relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals occurs during passive exhaltion
__________ is the volume of fresh air introduced into the gas exchanging regions of the lungs per minute.
Alveolar ventilation
Alveolar ventilation is the volume of ______ air introduced into the gas exchanging regions of the lungs per minute.
FRESH
What is the formula for Alveolar Ventilation?
VA = VT - VD
Alveolar ventilation = tidal volume - dead space
(T/F)
Alveoli contain less CO2 than the atmosphere.
False
Correct statement: Alveoli contain more CO2 and less O2 than the atmosphere
What is the formula for Minute Alveolar Ventilation?
***POSSIBLE EXAM Q***
Minute Alveolar Ventilation
M.A.V. = frequency of breaths (tidal volume - dead space)
M.A.V. = rate (VT - VD)
A pt has a rate of 12 breaths/min, the tidal volume is 500ml and dead space is approximately 150ml. Calculate the Minute Alveolar Ventilation.
M.A.V. = 12 (500 - 150)
350 x 12 = 4,200
Discuss the size of Alveoli in respect to a “slinky”:
If you hold a slinky up, the bottom of the slinky will be closer together and the top will be more spread apart. The top of the slinky is harder to stretch (open) because it is already stretched. The bottom of the slinky has not been stretched much so they will be easier to stretch (open) than the top
Because of gravity, the alveoli at the base (bottom) of the lung are smaller in size than the alveoli at the apex (top) of the lung
Because of surfactant, small alveoli open easier than large
Therefore, the base of the lung receives majority of the ventilation
note: the base (bottom) of the lungs has a higher compliance (stretchyness) than the top.
Base of lung = higher compliance, higher ventilation
The alveoli at the apex (top) of the lung are:
A. larger than the alveoli at the base (bottom)
B. smaller than the alveoli at the base (bottom)
A. larger than the alveoli at the base (bottom)
note: due to surfactant, the alveoli at the base (bottom) of the lung are smaller but way easier to open than the apex (top) thus giving alveoli at the base majority of ventilation
About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood ______.
A. as dissolved CO2 in the blood plasma
B. as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells
C. combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
D. as bicarbonate ions in the blood
E. as carbonic acid in the red blood cells
D. as bicarbonate ions in the blood
7% of CO2 = blood plasma
93% of CO2 = red blood cells
70% of CO2 = as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma
23% of CO2 = combined w/ hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
About 23% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood ______.
A. as dissolved CO2 in the blood plasma
B. as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells
C. combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
D. as bicarbonate ions in the blood
E. as carbonic acid in the red blood cells
C. combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
7% of CO2 = blood plasma
93% of CO2 = red blood cells
70% of CO2 = as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma
23% of CO2 = combined w/ hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
About 7% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood ______.
A. as dissolved CO2 in the blood plasma
B. as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells
C. combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
D. as bicarbonate ions in the blood
E. as carbonic acid in the red blood cells
A. as dissolved CO2 in the blood plasma
7% of CO2 = blood plasma
93% of CO2 = red blood cells
70% of CO2 = as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma
23% of CO2 = combined w/ hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
About 93% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood ______.
A. as dissolved CO2 in the blood plasma
B. as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells
C. combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
D. diffuses into red blood cells
E. as carbonic acid in the red blood cells
D. diffuses into red blood cells
7% of CO2 = blood plasma
93% of CO2 = red blood cells
70% of CO2 = as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma
23% of CO2 = combined w/ hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
98.5% of oxygen ______.
A. will be bound to hemoglobin
B. will go into the plasma
A. will be bound to hemoglobin
- 5% of O2 = hemoglobin
- 5% of O2 = plasma
1.5% of oxygen ______.
A. will be bound to hemoglobin
B. will go into the plasma
B. will go into the plasma
- 5% of O2 = hemoglobin
- 5% of O2 = plasma
Hemoglobin can bind up to ______.
A. 1 oxygen molecule
B. 2 oxygen molecules
C. 3 oxygen molecules
D. 4 oxygen molecules
E. 8 oxygen molecules
D. 4 oxygen molecules
Which of the following produces surfactant?
A. Type I alveolar cells
B. Type II alveolar cells
C. Clara cells
D. Ciliated cells
B. Type II alveolar cells
Which of the following will receive the majority of venilation?
A. Apex of lungs
B. Base of lungs
B. Base of lungs
“slinky”
Where is compliance the highest?
A. Apex of lungs
B. Base of lungs
B. Base of lungs
Where is alveolar ventilation the highest?
A. Apex of lungs
B. Base of lungs
B. Base of lungs
Where is compliance the lowest?
A. Apex of lungs
B. Base of lungs
A. Apex of lungs
Which of the following is the top of the lung?
A. apex
B. base
A. apex
“BASE is at the BOTTOM”
(T/F)
The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide are the same in the alveoli as they are in the atmosphere.
False
Correct statement: The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide are NOT the same in the alveoli as they are in the atmosphere
note: the atmosphere has SIGNIFICANTLY LESS CO2 than alveoli
If you contract the internal intercostals and rectus abdominus, the elastic recoil of the chest wall will be directed in which direction?
A. Inward
B. Outward
C. Neither
B. Outward
note: contracting the internal intercostals and rectus abdominus is done during active exhalation (when you breath out as much air as you can). The chest wall is smaller than it wants to be so the elastic recoil of the chest wall will be directed outward
If you only contract the external intercostals and diaphragm, the elastic recoil of the chest wall will be directed ________.
A. Inward
B. Outward
C. Neither inward nor outward
C. Neither inward nor outward
note: when you contract the external intercostals and diaphragm during passive inhalation, the chest wall will be at point C on the compliance curve (which is where the chest wall “wants” to be
If you relax the external intercostals and diaphragm, the elastic recoil of the chest wall will be directed ________.
A. Inward
B. Outward
C. Neither inward nor outward
B. Outward
note: this would be point A on the compliance curve (FRC) and the chest wall would be smaller than it wants to be thus having an elastic recoil directed outward
If you contracted your sternocleidomastoid muscle, the elastic recoil of the chest wall would be directed _______.
A. inward
B. outward
C. neither inward nor outward
A. inward
note: contracting the sternocleidomastoid will put you at point D on the compliance curve (which is total lung capacity) (you’ve inhaled as much as you can). The chest wall would be larger than it wants to be thus having an elastic recoil directed inward
If you contracted your internal intercostals and rectus abdominus muscle, the elastic recoil of the chest wall would be directed _______.
A. inward
B. outward
C. neither inward nor outward
B. outward
note: if you contract your internal intercostals and rectus abdominus you are in active exhalation. You would be at point E on the compliance curve. At this point, your chest wall is smaller than it wants to be thus having an elastic recoil directed outward
The normal chest wall has the greatest positive (inward directed) recoil at:
A. FRC (functional residual capacity)
B. 1L above FRC
C. Just after passive inhalation
D. 1L below FRC
E. TLC (total lung capacity)
E. TLC (total lung capacity)
Inspiratory capacity (IC) is a combination of which of the following?
(select two of the answer choices)
A. Tidal volume (TV)
B. Residual volume (RV)
C. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
D. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
E. Function residual volume (FRC)
A. Tidal volume (TV)
C. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Inspiratory capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
Functional residual capacity (FRC) is a combination of which of the following?
(select two of the answer choices)
A. Tidal volume (TV)
B. Residual volume (RV)
C. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
D. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
E. Function residual capacity (FRC)
B. Residual volume (RV)
D. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Functional residual volume = residual volume + expiratory reserve volume
Vital capacity (VC) is a combination of which of the following?
(select two of the answer choices)
A. Tidal volume (TV)
B. Residual volume (RV)
C. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
D. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
E. Function residual capacity (FRC)
C. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
D. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Vital capacity = IRV + ERV
***POSSIBLE EXAM Q***
