Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory System > Respiratory Microbiology (FREITAS) > Flashcards

Respiratory Microbiology (FREITAS) Flashcards

1
Q

Understand the main defenses of the respiratory system, location and main function:

A

Mucociliary system: upper respiratory tract

  • Function: mucus secretion and mucociliary clearance mechanism
  • Includes, nasal vibrissae, action of cilia and mucous glands and globlet cells

Cough reflex: Upper respiratory tract

  • Function: enhances clearance of secretions and particulates from the airways and protects from aspiration of foreign materials

Mucosal antibody: Upper respiratory tract

  • Function: neutralize almost any pathogen or toxin trying to contact epithelial cells
  • Mainly secretory IgA

Bronchoconstriction: Lower respiratory tract

  • Function: restricts the amount of air passing into the lungs

Other Defenses: Upper and Lower respiratory tracts

  • Function: kill foreign pathogens
  • Includes: lactoferrin, lysozymes and a-antitrypsin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

All of the following are Upper respiratory tract defenses EXCEPT:

A. Mucociliary system

B. Cough reflex

C. Mucosal antibody

D. Bronchoconstriction

E. All of the above are upper respiratory tract defenses

A

D. Bronchoconstriction

Upper respiratory tract:

  • Mucociliary system
  • Cough reflex
  • Mucosal antibody

Lower respiratory tract:

  • Bronchoconstriction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

______ enhances clearance of secretions and particulates from the airways and protects from aspiration of foreign materials.

A. Mucociliary system

B. Cough reflex

C. Mucosal antibody

D. Bronchoconstriction

E. None of the above

A

B. Cough reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_________ neutralizes almost any pathogen or toxin trying to contact epithelial cells.

A. Mucociliary system

B. Cough reflex

C. Mucosal antibody

D. Bronchoconstriction

E. None of the above

A

C. Mucosal antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_______ retricts the amount of air passing into the lungs.

A. Mucociliary system

B. Cough reflex

C. Mucosal antibody

D. Bronchoconstriction

E. None of the above

A

D. Bronchoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which of the following functions in mucus secretion?

A. Mucociliary system

B. Cough reflex

C. Mucosal antibody

D. Bronchoconstriction

E. None of the above

A

A. Mucociliary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

All of the following are other defenses that are located in the upper and lower respiratory tracts EXCEPT:

A. Secretory IgA

B. Lactoferrin

C. Lysozymes

D. a-antitrypsin

A

A. Secretory IgA

Mucosal antibody = IgA = upper respiratory tract

Other defenses = lactoferrin, lysozymes, a-antitrypsin = upper and lower respiratory tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Virulent respiratory pathogens successfully evade the epithelial defenses by specifically __________.

A

Virulent respiratory pathogens successfully evade the epithelial defenses by specifically adhering to respiratory epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Discuss the Sore Throat Syndrome:

  • What microorganism is associated with sore throat syndrome?
    • What are the 6 virulence factors of this microorganism?
A

Sore Throat Syndrome

  • Streptococcus Pyogenes
  • Virulence factors:
    • Protein M
    • streptokinase
    • hyaluronidase
    • DNAse
    • capsule
    • streptolysin O
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 complications associated with Sore Throat Syndrome?

A

1. Peritonsillar abscess: tonsillar sepsis, inflammation fo the throat (quinsy throat)

2. Sinusitis: condition where the paranasal sinuses fill w/ exudate

3. Otitis media: infection of the iddle ear; common in children

4. Scarlet fever: diffuse erythematous rash beginning on the chest and spreading to the extremities; complication of streptococcal pharyngitis (S. pyogenes) - strawberry tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Discuss Rheumatic fever:

  • What microorganism triggers rheumatic fever?
  • What is the pathogenesis of this microorganism?
  • What are the 4 affected sites?
  • Laboratory diagnosis:
A

Rheumatic Fever

  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Pathogenesis:
    • Autoimmunity- cross-reactivity (S. pyogenes share the same antigens as heart valves)
    • Hypersensitivity type III (antibody-antigen complexes)
  • Affected sites:
    • heart
    • kidney
    • joints and blood vessels
  • Laboratory diagnosis:
    • Throat swabs consisting of beta-hemolytic colonies
    • Evidence for antibody to streptolysin O - produced by S. pyogenes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

S. pyogenes is _______.

A. alpha-hemolytic

B. beta-hemolytic

C. gamma-hemolytic

D. None of the above

A

B. beta-hemolytic

beta-hemolytic: complete destruction of RBCs?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two main virulence factors of S. pyogenes?

A

S. Pyogenes = Protein M and Streptolysin O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can Rheumatic Fever be detected in the lab?

A

Clinical: throat swabs exhibiting beta-hemolytic colonies

Serological evidence: antibody to streptolysin O (produced by S. pyogenes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Discuss Diphtheria:

  • What is the main associated microorganism?
  • _______ tends to be mild, but the infected discharge is important in the spread of disease among children.
  • Pathogenesis:
    • ______ inhibits protein synthesis
    • Obstruction of _____ and ______
A

Diphtheria

  • Associated microorganism = Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Nasal diphtheria tends to be mild, but the infected discharge is important in the spread of disease among children
  • Pathogenesis:
    • Diphtheria toxin - inhibits protein synthesis
    • Obstruction of airways and pharyngeal diphtheria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Discuss Vincent’s angina:

  • Predisposing factors?
  • Microorganisms?
  • Clinical features?
A

Vincent’s angina

Predisposing factors: poor dental health and poor oral hygiene, recurring periodontal disease, advance age, smoking or chewing tobacco and immunodeficiency

Microorganism: Borrelia vincenti in association w/ fusiform bacilli

Clinical features: soreness of mouth and gums (painful gingiva), halitosis, bleeding gums

  • Progression: periodontium might be destroyed (ANUG)
  • Involves all gingival margin which become covered by a necrotic pseudo membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Discuss Ludwig’s angina:

  • Originates from?
  • Predisposing factors?
  • Associated microorganisms?
  • Clinical features?
A

Ludwig’s angina

Originates from an odontogenic infection (tooth abscess), especially from the 2nd or 3rd lower molars

Predisposing factors: dental caries, recent dental tx, systemic illnesses, alcoholism, AIDS, jawbone fracture, oral piercings

Associated microorganisms: S. viridans and S. aureus

Clinical features: tooth pain, fever, difficulty in swallowing and increasing stridor

  • examination shows a bull-neck appearance w/ tenderness of the neck and throat
18
Q

Poor oral hygiene, recurring periodontal disease, advanced age, smoking or chewing tobacco and immunodeficiency are predisposing factors of which of the following?

A. Vincent’s angina

B. Ludwig’s angina

A

A. Vincent’s angina

19
Q

Which of the following is associated w/ Fusiform bacilli?

A. Diphtheria

B. Vincent’s angina

C. Ludwig’s angina

A

B. Vincent’s angina

Vincent’s angina = Borrelia vincenti + Fusiform bacilli

Ludwig’s angina = S. Viridans + S. aureus

20
Q

Which of the following is associated w/ S. viridans and S. aureus?

A. Diphtheria

B. Vincent’s angina

C. Ludwig’s angina

A

C. Ludwig’s angina

Vincent’s angina = Borrelia vincenti + Fusiform bacilli

Ludwig’s angina = S. Viridans + S. aureus

21
Q

Dental caries, recent dental tx, systemic illness, alcoholism, AIDS, jawbone fracture and oral piercings are predisposing factors of which of the following?

A. Vincent’s angina

B. Ludwig’s angina

A

B. Ludwig’s angina

Vincent’s angina = poor oral health and recurring periodontal disease

Ludwig’s angina = dental caries, recent dental tx

22
Q

Which of the following is associated with ANUG?

A. Vincent’s angina

B. Ludwig’s angina

A

A. Vincent’s angina

23
Q

Discuss the Common Cold Syndrome:

  • Associated viruses?
  • Effect in the oral cavity?
A

Common Cold Syndrome

Associated viruses: Rhinoviruses

Effect in the oral cavity: sinus pressure can hurt teeth and cause xerostomia

24
Q

Discuss Infectious mononuleosis “Mono”:

  • Associated virus?
  • Symptoms?
A

Infectious Mononucleosis

Associated virus = Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Symptoms: fever, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes and abnormal lymphocytes in blood. Tonsillitis and fatigue are common. Splenomegaly

25
Q

Discuss Enteroviral pharyngitis:

  • Associated virus?
  • What are the 3 examples of enteroviral pharyngitis and common pathologies?
A

Enteroviral pharyngitis

Associated virus: Enteroviruses (coxsackievirus or echovirus)

Examples of enteroviral pharyngitis and common pathologies:

  • Herpangina = coxsackievirus type A 2-6
  • Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis = coxsackievirus type A10
  • Hand-foot and mouth disease = coxsackievirus A5, 9, 10 and 16
26
Q

(T/F)

The normal upper respiratory tract is bacteriologically sterile.

A

FALSE

correct statement: The normal lower respiratory tract is bacteriologically sterile

27
Q

Discuss Bronchitis:

  • Associated microorganisms?
  • Acute bronchitis vs Chronic bronchitis:
A

Bronchitis

Associated microorganisms: influenza and parainfluenza

  • bacterial infection is secondary after viral

Acute bronchitis: shorter illness that commonly follows a cod or viral infection (Flu)

Chronic bronchitis: a persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years

  • common among cigarette smokers
  • progress to COPD
28
Q

Discuss Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD):

  • Associated microorganisms?
  • Symptoms?
  • Pathogenesis?
  • Diagnosis?
A

COPD

Associated microorganisms: S. pneumonie, H. influenza, Chlamydia pnemonie, Mycoplasma pneumonie

Symptoms: excessive mucus production and poor clearance of bronchi

Pathogenesis: emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Diagnosis: sputum is always colonized with mixed upper respiratory tract flora and may contain neutrophils

29
Q

Discuss Cystic Fibrosis:

  • Associated microorganisms?
  • Characteristics?
  • Oral cavity manifestation?
A

Cystic Fibrosis

Associated microorganisms: S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Characteristics: thick mucus that blocks the respiratory ‘tubes’ and traps microorganisms

Oral cavity manifestations: possible enamel defect due to antibiotic use

30
Q

Discuss Pertussis (whooping cough):

  • Associated microorganism?
  • Who is most commonly affected?
  • What are the 3 stages?
  • Pathogenesis?
A

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Associated microorganism: Bordetella pertussis

  • Affects infants

Stages:

  • Catarrhalis stage
  • Paroxysmal stage
  • Convalescent stage

Pathogenesis:

  • colonizing of the bronchial epithelium and decrease phagocytic killing
  • The toxin porduced by B. pertussis paralyzes the cilia, thus impairing an important pulmonary defense
31
Q

Discuss Pneumonia:

  • Infection in one or both lungs, characterized by _______ of the alveoli in the lungs.
  • Transmission?
  • Bacterial pneumonia vs Viral pneumonia:
A

Pneumonia

  • Infection in one or both lungs, characterized by inflammatioin of the alveoli in the lungs
  • Transmission: droplets

Bacterial pneumonia:

  • S. pneumonia, S. aureus, H. influenza, Legionella pneumophilia and MRSA

Viral pneumonia:

  • Coronavirus, influenza A and B, Rhinovirus, Adenovirus and Respiratory syncytial virus
32
Q

What are the 5 bacteria associated with bacterial pneumonia?

A
  1. S. pneumonia
  2. S. aureus
  3. H. influenza
  4. Legionella pneumophilia
  5. MRSA (methicillin resistant S. aureus)
33
Q

What are the 5 viruses associated with Viral pneumonia?

A
  1. Coronaviruses (MERS-CoV and SARS)
  2. Influenza A and B
  3. Rhinovirus
  4. Adenovirus
  5. Respiratory syncytial virus
34
Q

Do you expect to find bacteria or any type of microorganisms in the lower respiratory tract?

A

NO

35
Q

Possible enamel defect due to antibiotic use is an oral manifestation of which of the following?

A. Bronchitis

B. Cystic fibrosis

C. Pertussis

D. Pneumonia

A

B. Cystic fibrosis

36
Q

Discuss Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS):

  • Associated microorganism?
  • Pathogenesis?
A

SARS

Associated microorganism: SARS coronavirus

Pathogenesis: virus spreads by the airborne route through droplets or aerosols. Infectivity of the virus is high during the febrile period

37
Q

Discuss Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis):

  • Associated microorganism:
  • Symptoms?
  • Pathogenesis?
  • Who is it common in?
A

Croup

Associated microorganism: parainfluenza viruses type 1 and 2

Symptoms: harsh barking coughs, noisy breathing, restlessness and tachycardia increase as respiratory obstruction develops

Pathogenesis: the virus invades epithelial cells of the tracheobronchial tree, via the binding of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase

  • Common in infants
38
Q

Discuss Influenza:

  • Associated microorganisms?
    • which one ONLY infects humans?
    • which one infects humans and animals?
  • Pathogenesis?
  • Symptoms?
A

Influenza:

Associated microorganisms: influenza viruses type A and B

  • Influenza type B = ONLY humans
  • Influenza type A = humans and animals
    • type A is the major cause of pandemic and epidemic influenza infections

Pathogenesis: direct person-to-person spread through acute infections

  • viruses favor bacteria colonization in the lung by acting on the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract:
    • removing the physical barrier which opposes the lung bacterial colonization and reducing the ciliary mucus clearance

Symptoms: tracheobronchitis w/ some involvement of small airways

39
Q

What two diseases do not yet have a vaccine available for?

A

Common cold (Rhinovirus) and SARS (Coronavirus)

40
Q

(T/F)

Periodontal bacteria may potentially disseminate into the lower respiratory tract causing infections.

A

True

41
Q

What are the 3 possible mechanisms of oral bacteria to promote respiratory infections?

A

1. Aspiration of oral bacteria or pathogen into the lungs (anaerobic bacteria in sputum)

2. Periodontal disease associated bacterial enzymes: enzymes in saliva may alter mucosal surfaces to promote colonization and adhesion of respiratory pathogens

3. Cytokines released at the oral cavity during inflammatory response: mediated alteration in respiratory epithelium

42
Q

What are the 5 pathogens associated to periodontal disease that may be found in infected lung fluids?

  • Which of these 5 pathogens may participate in initiation or progression of pneumonia?
A
  1. P. gingivalis
  2. Actinobacillus actinomycetemocomitans
  3. Actinomyces
  4. Fusobacterium nucleatum
  5. S. viridans may participate in initiation or progression of pneumonia

Respiratory System (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions