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Respiratory System > Respiratory Histology/Embryology (REYNOLDS) > Flashcards

Respiratory Histology/Embryology (REYNOLDS) Flashcards

1
Q

Exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood and body cells occurs through 4 processes. Discuss each of the 4 process below:

  1. Breathing
  2. External respiration
  3. Internal respiration
  4. Cellular respiration
A

Breathing: entrance an exit of air into and out of the lungs

External respiration: exchange of gases between air and blood (respiratory system)

Internal respiration: exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluid (circulatory system)

Cellular respiration: metabolic rxns associated w/ the oxidation of fats, carbs, and amino acids and give off CO2 during the production of ATP

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2
Q

_________ is the entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs.

A. Breathing

B. External respiration

C. Internal respiration

D. Cellular respiration

A

A. Breathing

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3
Q

Exchange of gases between blood and tissue (circulatory system) is a form of which of the following?

A. Breathing

B. External respiration

C. Internal respiration

D. Cellular respiration

A

C. Internal respiration

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4
Q

Metabolic reactions associated with the oxidation of fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids and give off CO2 during the production of ATP.

A. Breathing

B. External respiration

C. Internal respiration

D. Cellular respiration

A

D. Cellular respiration

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5
Q

Exchange of gases between air and blood (Respiratory system):

A. Breathing

B. External respiration

C. Internal respiration

D. Cellular respiration

A

B. External respiration

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6
Q

Exchange of gases in the respiratory system is which of the following processes?

A. Breathing

B. External respiration

C. Internal respiration

D. Cellular respiration

A

B. External respiration

External respiration = respiratory system

Internal respiration = circulatory system

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7
Q

Exchange of gases in the Circulatory system is which of the following processes?

A. Breathing

B. External respiration

C. Internal respiration

D. Cellular respiration

A

C. Internal respiration

External respiration = Respiratory system

Internal respiration = Circulatory system

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8
Q

List the 5 functions of the Respiratory System:

A
  1. Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood (@ alveoli)
  2. Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs (Conducting airways)
  3. Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment (modulates pH)
  4. Produces sounds
  5. Participates in olfaction
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9
Q

________ is a respiratory defense system that includes mucous cells (globlet cells), mucous glands and cilia.

A

Mucociliary Escalator

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10
Q

Discuss the Mucociliary Escalator:

  • What does it consist of?
  • How does it function?
A

Mucociliary Escalator

Consists of:

  • Mucous cells (globlet cells)
  • Mucous glands
  • Cilia (ciliated columnar epithelial cells)

Function: moves mucous up the pharynx where it ends up getting swallowed and enters the stomach (phlegm)

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11
Q

_______ seperates the pericardial and pleural cavities.

A. Septum transversum

B. Pleuropericardial folds

C. Pericardioperitoneal canals

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

B. Pleuropericardial folds

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12
Q

________ partially divides the thoracic and peritoneal cavities at the 4th week.

A. Septum transversum

B. Pleuropericardial folds

C. Pericardioperitoneal canals

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

A. Septum transversum

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13
Q

Which of the following occurs at the 4th week?

A. Septum transversum partially divides the thoracic and peritoneal cavities

B. Pericardial and pleural cavities are separated by pleuropericardial folds

A

A. Septum transversum partially divides the thoracic and peritoneal cavities

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14
Q

As lungs develop, they expand into the ________.

A. Septum transversum

B. Pleuropericardial folds

C. Pericardioperitoneal canals

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

C. Pericardioperitoneal canals

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15
Q

Pericardioperitoneal canals are closed by _________.

A

Pleuroperitoneal membranes

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16
Q

Which of the following inhibits branching?

A. Tracheal mesenchyme

B. Bronchial mesenchyme

A

A. Tracheal mesenchyme

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17
Q

Which of the following promotes branching?

A. Tracheal mesenchyme

B. Bronchial mesenchyme

A

B. Bronchial mesenchyme

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18
Q

________ is the master regulator that coordinates branching during lung development.

A

Nkx 2.1

Nkx 2.1 = increases proliferation and branching

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19
Q

All of the following are components of the Upper Respiratory System EXCEPT:

A. Nasal cavity

B. Pharynx

C. Larynx

D. All of the above are componentents of the upper respiratory system

A

C. Larynx

Upper Respiratory System:

  • nasal cavity and pharynx

Lower Respiratory System:

  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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20
Q

All of the following are components of the Lower Respiratory Tract EXCEPT:

A. Pharynx

B. Larynx

C. Trachea

D. Bronchi

E. Lungs

A

A. Pharynx

note: the pharynx and nasal cavity are components of the upper respiratory system

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21
Q

What are the 2 components of the upper respiratory system?

A

nasal cavity and pharynx

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22
Q

What are the 4 components of the Lower Respiratory System?

A
  1. Larynx
  2. Trachea
  3. Bronchi
  4. Lungs
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23
Q

What are the 6 components of the Conducting Zone in regards to the respiratory system?

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Bronchioles

note: the conducting zone contains all of the components of the upper and lower respiratory system minus the lungs and add bronchioles

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24
Q

What are the 4 components of the Respiratory Zone in regards to the respiratory system?

A
  1. Repiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
  4. Alveoli
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25
Q

All of the following are components of the respiratory zone EXCEPT:

A. Respiratory bronchioles

B. Bronchi

C. Alveolar ducts

D. Alveolar sacs

E. Alveoli

A

B. Bronchi

note: the respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles and anything to do with alveoli

26
Q

Describe what Dead Space is in regards to the respiratory system:

A

Dead space is the airr locked up in the conducting zone that you do not have access to. Every time you breath in you only absorb about 50% of the oxygen. The remaining oxygen always remains in the conducting zone every time you breath in and out.

Dead space is the volume of air that is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, because it either remains in the conducting airways or reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfused. In other words, not all the air in each breath is available for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

27
Q

Discuss the Nose:

  • Discuss both portions:
    • External portion and Internal portion
  • Discuss the movement of air starting with the nostrils and ending in the pharynx:
  • What are the 3 nasal functions?
A

Nose

External portion:

  • contains two nostrils (nares), bone, cartilage and internal membrane covered with skin

Internal portion:

  • Nasal cavities (divided by the nasal septum), containing thre boney shelves, connect external openings to the throat
    • Nasal hairs
    • Internal nares

Nasal function: warm, humidity, and filter incoming air, and provide a passageway for exiting air (nasal conchae)

28
Q

Discuss the Pharynx:

  • Why is the pharynx characterized by dual function?
  • What are the 3 segments of the pharynx?
  • What are each of the 3 segments composed of?
    • pseuostratified ciliated columnar epithelium or stratified squamous epithelium:
A

Pharynx:

Pharynx has dual function:

  • passageway for food traveling from the oral cavity to the esophagus
  • passageway for air traveling between the nasal (or oral) cavity to the larynx

Three Segments of the Pharynx:

  • Nasopharynx = Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar
  • Oropharynx = Stratified squamous
  • Laryngopharynx = Stratified squamous
29
Q

All of the following segments are composed of Stratified Squamous epithelium EXCEPT:

A. Nasopharynx

B. Oropharynx

C. Laryngopharynx

D. All of the above are composed of stratified squamous epithelium

A

A. Nasopharynx

Nasopharynx = Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar

Oropharynx = Stratified Squamous

Laryngopharynx = Stratified Squamous

30
Q

Which of the following is referred to as the “Voice Box”?

A. Pharynx

B. Larynx

C. Trachea

D. Bronchial tree

A

B. Larynx

31
Q

All of the following are true about the Larynx EXCEPT:

A. Enlargment in the airway at the top of the trachea and below the pharynx

B. Composed of 9 cartilages, which includes the epiglottis

C. Bi-directionally conducts air between trachea and the pharynx

D. Prevents foreign object from entering trachea during swallowing

E. All of the above are true

A

E. All of the above are true

32
Q

Discuss the Larynx:

  • What is it?
  • What is it known as?
  • What does it house?
  • What is it composed of?
  • What is a major component that prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea during swallowing?
  • What are vocal cords composed of?
  • False vocal cords vs True vocal cords:
A

Larynx:

  • Enlargement in the airway at the top of the trachea and below pharynx
  • Known as the “Voice Box”
  • Houses the vocal cords
  • Composed of 9 cartilages
    • Epiglottis (elastic)
    • Thyroid cartilage (hyaline)
    • Crocoid cartilage (hyaline)
  • Epiglottis prevents foreing objects from entering trachea during swallowing
  • Vocal cords are composed of muscle and elastic connective tissue
  • False vocal cords:
    • Do NOT produce sounds
    • Assist with closure of airway when swallowing
  • True vocal cords:
    • produces sound
    • contracting or relaxing changes pitch
    • Altering force of air passing the cords changes volume

Note: thee larynx bi-directionally conducts air between trachea and the pharynx

33
Q

Discuss the Trachea:

A

Trachea

  • Flexible cylindrical tube
  • Connect larynx to bronchi
  • 15-20 “C” -shaped cartilaginous rings (hyaline) lined with:
    • Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
    • Mucous producing globlet cells
  • Cilia push mucus UP toward larynx (Mucociliary Escalator)
34
Q

Discuss the Left Lung vs Right Lung:

A

Left Lung:

  • Left is longer
  • Displaced by the heart
  • Contains the cardiac notch
  • Has two lobes (superior and inferior)
  • contains an oblique fissure

Right Lung:

  • Right is wider
  • Displaced by the liver
  • Has three lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
  • Contains an oblique fissure and horizontal fissure
35
Q

Discuss the Bronchial Tree:

  • Structurally similar to the _________.
  • Facilitates passage of air from ______ to _______.
  • What is one important function of the bronchial tree?
  • What are the components of the conducting zone that is located in the bronchial Bronchial Tree?
  • Discuss cartilage and smooth muscle in regards to the bronchial tree:
A

Bronchial Tree

  • Structurally similar to the Trachea
  • Facilitates passage of air from trachea to alveoli
  • Filters incoming air
  • Conducting Zone:
    • Primary bronchi (most cartilage)
    • Secondary bronchi
    • Tertiary bronchi
    • Bronchioles
    • Terminal bronchioles (smooth muscle)
  • As branching continues, cartilage diminishes and disappears completely at bronchioles
  • Smooth muscle becomes more prominent as cartilage decreases
36
Q

Respiration occurs in all of the following components of the Alveolus EXCEPT:

A. Terminal bronchioles

B. Respiratory bronchioles

C. Alveolar ducts

D. Alveolar sacs

E. Alveoli

A

A. Terminal bronchioles

note: even though terminal bronchioles are apart of the Alveolus, it is still of the collecting zone

The Alveolus is composed of:

  • Terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli
37
Q

Discuss the Alveolus:

  • What is it composed of?
  • What is its main function?
  • How big is the surface area?
A

Alveolus

  • Terminal bronchioles, [respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli] (everything in the brackets are part of the respiratory zone)
  • Site of Gas Exchange
  • Surface area is half of the size of a tennis court or 30-40 greater than surface area of skin
38
Q

Discuss the Alveolus:

  • Surrounded by ________.
  • Lined with ________ (a film of lipoprotein)
  • What are the 2 functions of the answer for the statement above?
  • Maintains a thin ________.
A

Alveolus

  • Surrounded by capillaries (for gas exchange)
  • Lined with Surfactant (a film of lipoprotein)
  • Surfactant lowers surface tension and prevents closure of the alveoli
  • Maintains a thin respiratory membrane
39
Q

What are the 4 components of the thin Respiratory Membrane that air needs to pass through?

A
  1. Type I alveolar epithelium
  2. Basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium
  3. Basement membrane of the endothelium (simple squamous)
  4. Endothelium

note: CO2 goes the opposite way (#4 —> #1) (when you exhale
note: it is very important that the respiratory membrane is thin. If it was too thick it would be more difficult for O2 to cross through those four cells. If it was too thin it could crack and cause other problems

***Possible EXAM Q***

40
Q

All of the following are part of the Trachea/Bronchus EXCEPT:

A. Ciliated epithelium

B. Globlet cells

C. Glands

D. Cartilage

E. Clara cell

A

E. Clara cell

Trachea/Bronchus:

  • Ciliated epithelium
  • Globlet cells
  • Glands
  • Cartilage
  • Smooth muscle cell

Bronchiolus:

  • Clara cells
  • Capillaries
  • Basal membrane
  • Surfactant

Alveolus:

  • Type I pneumocytes
  • Alveolar septum
  • Type II pneumocytes
41
Q

What are Clara cells?

A

Clara cells are stem cells that can develop into any of the other cell types if needed. Clara cells are immunologic mediators also.

42
Q

Clara cells are located in which of the following?

A. Trachea/Bronchi

B. Bronchioles

C. Alveoli

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

B. Bronchioles

43
Q

Surfactanct is located in which of the following?

A. Trachea/Bronchi

B. Bronchioles

C. Alveoli

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

B. Bronchioles

44
Q

All of the following are located in the Alveolus EXCEPT:

A. Type I pneumocytes

B. Type II pneumocytes

C. Alveolar septum

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

D. All of the above

45
Q

Which of the following cells are located in the Trache/Bronchus?

A. Globlet cells

B. Clara cells

C. Type I pneumocytes

D. Type II pneumocytes

E. None of the above

A

A. Globlet cells

46
Q

Discuss each of the following:

  • Alveolar Type I Pneumocytes
  • Alveolar Type II Pneumocytes
A

Alveolar Type I Pneumocytes:

  • Very few in number but are massive cells that make up 97% of respiratory surface
  • Organelles are grouped together
  • Occluding junctions
  • Barrier, highly gas permeable (simple squamous)

Alveolar Type II Pneumocytes:

  • Can convert into Type I pneumocytes by mitosis
  • Foamy cytoplasm of lamellar bodies
  • Produces Pulmonary surfactant

note: surfactant is 90% lipid and 10% protein

47
Q

All of the following are true regarding Type I Alveolar Pneumocytes EXCEPT:

A. small in number but large in size making up majority of respiratory surface

B. Organelles are grouped together

C. Can convert into Type II pneumocytes via mitosis

D. Barrier highly gas permeable

E. All of the above are true

A

C. Can convert into Type II pneumocytes via mitosis

Alveolar Type II Pneumocytes:

  • produce surfactant
  • can convert into Type I pneumocytes via mitosis
48
Q

All of the following are true regarding Type I Alveolar Pneumocytes EXCEPT:

A. small in number but large in size making up majority of respiratory surface

B. Organelles are grouped together

C. Produces surfactant

D. Barrier highly gas permeable

E. All of the above are true

A

C. Produces surfactant

note: type II produces surfactant (turnover)

49
Q

What cells are the major protection against bad things entering the Alveolus and where exactly are they located?

A

Macrophages (dust cells) located in the interalveolar septum

note: they eat the bad stuff, die and become dust cells that are carried to the pharynx by the mucociliary escalator.

50
Q

DONT FORGET!!!

A

There is an image in one of the team activities on canvas that he will ask us to identify certain things on for the exam

This image is located in the first day labeled “Team 2 docx”

51
Q

Identify what 1-3 are in regards to the picture below:

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Internal nares
  3. Nasopharynx
52
Q

Identify 4-6 in the picture below:

A
  1. Entrance to auditory tube
  2. Soft palate
  3. Palatine tonsil
53
Q

Identify #7 in the picture below:

A
54
Q

Identify #13 in the picture below:

A
55
Q

Identify #12 in the picture below:

A
56
Q

Identify #9 in the picture below:

A
57
Q

Identify #18 in the picture below:

A

Cricoid cartilage

58
Q

Identify 7-9 in the picture below:

A
  1. Oropharynx
  2. Epiglottis
  3. Laryngopharynx
59
Q

Identify 10-12 in the picture below:

A
  1. Glottis
  2. Vocal fold
  3. Nasal conchae
60
Q

Identify 13-15 in the picture below:

A
  1. External nares
  2. Hard palate
  3. Oral cavity
61
Q

Identify 16-18 in the picture below:

A
  1. Hyoid
  2. Thyroid cartilage
  3. Cricoid cartilage
62
Q

Identify #19 in the picture below:

A
  1. Trachea

Respiratory System (5 decks)

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