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1st year: Physiology and Metabolism > respiratory physiology > Flashcards

respiratory physiology Flashcards

1
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of oxygen and CO2 between organism and env

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2
Q

control of respiration:pacemaker for breathing

detection of partial pressure

how much lungs expand

A

found in brain
changes volume of thorax and lungs

in respiratory centres

stretch receptors in respiratory muscle feed into brain

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3
Q

part of spinal cord responsible for breathing

expiratory rhythm generated by?

A

pre-Bot. C controls inspiration

pFRG

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4
Q

3 neurones involved in sensing arteriole gases

A

RM
Rob
RPa

in medulla

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5
Q

3 central controls of breathing

A

reflex/automatic - brainstem

voluntary/behavioural - motor cortex

emotional - limbic system (overrides everything)

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6
Q

brainstem

A

pons and medulla

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7
Q

2 types of pulmonary stretch receptors

A

fire quickly and for some time, long term changes

same inflation but quick bursts and die off, acute changes

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8
Q

lung compliance

A

how much can stretch something for a given pressure
very compliant if can stretch something a lot with not a lot of pressure

magnitude of change in lung volume produced by given change in transpulmonary pressure (Ptp)

like blowing up balloon (hard at first then easy)

2 determinants - stretchability of tissues and surface tension within alveoli

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9
Q

alveoli

A

surface is moist
surface tension at air-water interface resists stretching

surface tension lowered (by water) and lung compliance is increased by pulmonary surfactant

want bubble - water with air inside not just water droplet

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10
Q

pulmonary surfactant

A

phospholipids and protein
makes lung easier to expand
secreted by type II alveolar cells
deep breath increases secretion

like lipid bilayer

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11
Q

hypercapnia

hypoxia

A

CO2 excess

lack O2

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12
Q

how much does partial pressure of O2 have to fall before breathing is stimulated?

A

half

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13
Q

accessory respiratory muscles

A

sternocleidomastoid and scalenes

pull lungs up

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14
Q

human inspiration and expiration control

A

active inspiration but passive expiration (relaxing and recoiling)

sometimes active expiration when extreme exercise

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15
Q

phrenic nerve

A

innervates diaphragm

70% of your tidal volume

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16
Q

internal intercostal muscles

external

A

active expiration
close ribs, move down and in

for inspiration

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17
Q

external and internal obliques

A

bottom of ribcage

force lower ribs inwards when contract

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18
Q

transverse abdominis

A

stitch when running
force abdomen in and liver up into thorax
pushes air out

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19
Q

genioglossus

A

tongue
inspiration and active expiration
contracts and strengthens airways so resist change of pressure, keep wide open
widens airway so more air movement

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20
Q

thorax

A

closed compartment
separated from abdomen by diaphragm
lungs and walls of thorax covered by thing membranes (pleurae)

fluid inside pleurae sticks lungs and muscle together

lung and muscle not physically connected but vacuum connects them

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21
Q

visceral pleura
parietal pleura
pleural cavity
intrapleural fluid

A

epithelium covering lung

inner surface of walls of thorax, muscle, diaphragm, heart, bones

partial vacuum helps lungs keep expanding

creates vacuum and freedom of pleurae to slide over one another

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22
Q

what stops lung collapsing?

A

ribs being pulled outwards by muscles
lung being pulled in due to recoil
but vacuum keeps connected so doesn’t pull anywhere

23
Q

pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung
break vacuum
so air comes in
elastic recoil of lung takes over

decrease in pressure also pulls heart over centrally

24
Q

transpulmonary pressure

lung stay inflated if?

A 
alveoli pressure (in lungs)
intrapleural (outside lungs in thorax)

alveoli higher than intrapleural

25
Q

more flow if

A

higher difference in pressure

26
Q

why is there a delay in pressure change of alveoli after volume change?

A

resistance by airway so no more gas molecules, so pressure decreases
then high pressure to low pressure so air moves in - till difference is 0
same happens with exhaling
creates wave graph of pressure but semicircle volume graph

27
Q

inspiration

A

muscles and diaphragm contract
ribs pulled upwards and diaphragm flattens
thorax enlarges
intrapleural pressure decreases so transpulmonary pressure increases

28
Q

expiration

A

muscles and diaphragm relax
volume of thorax decreases
intrapleural pressure increases so transpulmonary pressure decreases

29
Q

FEV1

A

volume expired in first second

30
Q

FVC

A

forced vital capacity
total volume expired
80% healthy

31
Q

lung structure

A

3 lobes in right lung

2 lobes in left lung

32
Q

bronchioles structure

A

divide to terminal bronchioles then split to respiratory bronchioles then alveoli

33
Q

conducting zone

functions

A

from mouth and nose to end of terminal bronchioles
conducts air but doesn’t exchange gas

low-resistance pathway for airflow
warms and moistens air
defends against microbes

34
Q

most resistance in conducting zone

A

in upper parts - larger but lots of bronchiles larger than 1 trachea

35
Q

disorders of the conducting zone - asthma

A

chronic inflammation of airways
smooth muscle is hyper-responsive to lots of triggers
thickened airway wall and less open area

36
Q

disorders of conducting zone - bronchitis

A

inflammation of bronchial walls, thickened walls
increase mucus secreting cells and loss ciliated cells
obstruction of airway

37
Q

respiratory zone

function

A

respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs

provides O2 and removes CO2
regulate blood pH in coordination with kidneys
influence arterial conc. of chemical messengers like converts angiotensin 1 to vasoconstrictor angiotensin 2
dissolves blood clots

38
Q

how many alveoli?

A

500 million

39
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

blood from right ventricle to left atrium
low pressure
from heart to lungs to get oxygen

40
Q

ventilation-perfusion mismatching

A

stop blood supplying areas with poor gas exchange
hypoxia (lack O2) shuts down blood supply to that region

bottom of lung has low flow

41
Q

ventilation

A

amount of gas getting to lungs

42
Q

perfusion

A

amount of blood getting to lungs

43
Q

TUC

A

time of useful consciousness

decreases as altitude increases

44
Q

3rd man factor

A

hallucinate someone else when extreme stress from little O2 at high altitude

45
Q

sleep at high altitude

A

impaired, frequent awakenings, unpleasant dreams, no feeling of refreshment
periodic breathing is the cause

46
Q

high altitude and lung capacity

A

increased erythrocytes and increased blood oxygen carrying capacity
develops over several weeks

47
Q

high altitude diseases

A

acute mountain sickness
pulmonary edema
cerebral edema

48
Q

acute mountain sickness

cure

A

higher than 3000m
headache, fatigue,insomnia,nausea
last 2-3 days
reverse symptoms if go to low altitude so not long term

acetazolamide - carbonic anhydrase inhibitor so increase excretion of HCO3 and reduce alkalosis, maintain normal pH

49
Q

high altitude pulmonary edema

A

above 3000m
people who suffer once likely to suffer again
laboured breathing, reduced exercise tolerance, dry cough, rapid breathing and heartbeat, raised body temp

treat by moving to low altitude

50
Q

high altitude cerebral edema

A

potentially fatal
above 4500m
confusion, rapid mood changes, hallucination, loss control of body, coma
only rapid descent will cure it

51
Q

birds

A

highest rate of O2 consumption relative to body weight
air only goes in 1 direction so air coming in not same tube as going out (like humans)

2 cycles:
air sac expands and draws air in, contracts and blow through system, both sacs expand and suck air in sack, air out, only travels 1 way through system

also very thing blood gas barrier

powerful heart

less sensitive to lowered PCO2

52
Q

Cx26

A

CO2-gated receptor that releases ATP

ATP signals to breathe more

53
Q

mole rats

A

underground

rebreathe own air

54
Q

elephants

A

don’t have pleural space

filled with dense connective tissue instead

1st year: Physiology and Metabolism (7 decks)

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