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1st year: Physiology and Metabolism > cardiovascular > Flashcards

cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

how many people die from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in UK each year

A

180,000
1 in 3 of all deaths

82,000 coronary heart disease (CHD)
49,000 stroke

someone has a heart attack every 6 minutes

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2
Q

how much blood does the heart pump out?

how much a day?

A

each side pumps 5 litres per min

7000 litres

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3
Q

how much does the human heart weigh?

A

200 to 425g

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4
Q

heart structure

A 
vena cava
RA
tricuspid valve
RV
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary veins
LA
mitral valve (bicuspid)
LV
aortic valve
aorta
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5
Q

which part of the heart do we refer to when saying systole and diastole?

A

left ventricle

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6
Q

systole

diastole

A

contraction
70ml blood from each ventricle
lasts 300ms

relaxation permits filling of heart
550ms at 70beatspermin
filling during first 100-200ms

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7
Q

when does the aortic valve open?

A

when ventricular pressure higher than in aorta

then closes when ventricular pressure lower than aortic

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8
Q

dichrotic notch

A

gap on graph between lines of ventricular and aortic pressure
back pressure comes back and shuts valve

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9
Q

closing valves makes heart sounds

A

1st - mitral valve
2nd - aortic valve

3rd - rare, if disorder, galloping, valve shuts inside out

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10
Q

average heart rate at rest

A

70 beats per min

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11
Q

blood from atria to ventricles

A

mainly by gravity but last 20% filling is by atrial contraction

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12
Q

isovolumetric ventricular contraction

A

early systole during which the ventricles contract with no corresponding volume change
all heart valves are closed

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13
Q

pacemakers

A

more than 1 in the heart but SA is the quickest so main one

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14
Q

conduction pathway

A

SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibres

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15
Q

ionic movement causing pacemaker potential

A

sodium and calcium influx
reduction in permeability of potassium
phase 4 depolarisation in ventricular myocytes

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16
Q

why refractory period during AP

A

because needs to take more blood in, can’t always be contracted or blood own’t be able to enter and be pumped
need plateau phase so 1 action potential occurs for 1 contraction

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17
Q

myocytes

A

muscle cells with single nucleus
cylindrical
often branched with intercalated discs so electrically coupled (connexins)
striated

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18
Q

P
QRS
T

A

atrial depolarisation

initiates ventricular contraction
also atrial repolarisation

ventricular repolarisation

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19
Q

RR interval

A

length between 2 R peaks

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20
Q

ECG recording linked to systole and diastole?

A

systole - QT interval

diastole - RR-QT

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21
Q

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

A

endothelium, supporting conncective tissue, release of paracrine signals

elastic tissue, smooth muscle

external, collagen

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22
Q

arteries are compliant

A

volume increases with pressure
they stretch so in systole, more blood flows in than out

arterial pressure never reaches 0 so continuous flow (pulsatile rather than intermittent)

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23
Q

Windkessel effect

A

elastic tissue can accept more blood, and compress back so force blood to move

24
Q

resistance of flow depends on 3 factors

A

length of blood vessel - longer = greater resistance
viscosity - lots solute = more resistance
radius of blood vessel

25
how to alter resistance of blood flow
change radius because can't change other 2 factors | can restrict lumen
26
blood flow is laminar
layers of fluid move over each other so flow fastest at centre and slowest at sides because friction from walls
27
resistance and flow equation
R - resistance η - viscosity l - length r - radius
28
control of access to the microcirculation
constrict by closing precapillary sphincters to alter resistance and alter flow to certain areas so stop flow to muscles not in use anastome - direct line between artery and vein
29
capillary exchange equation
P - permeability coefficient A - area of exchange Ci - Co - conc. gradient J - flux
30
oncotic pressure
osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
31
extracellular fluid has 2 compartments
plasma and interstitial fluid equilibrium between these in terms of volume capillaries determine the equilibrium between plasma and interstitial fluid
32
hydrostatic pressure | colloid osmotic pressure/oncotic pressure
loss of fluid from plasma reabsorption of fluid into plasma
33
lymphatic vessels
interwoven between blood vessels so take sup fluid not reabsorbed no pressure in lymphatic system - have valves
34
venous return
muscle pump enhances it and puts pressure on valve | always moving towards heart
35
which parts of the ANS controls heart and blood vessels?
heart - parasympathetic and sympathetic blood vessels - only sympathetic
36
positive chronotropic effect | negative chronotropic effect
sympathetic speeds up heart by noradrenaline parasympathetic slows heart by acetylcholine
37
sympathetic activity makes.... parasympathetic...
pacemaker potential steeper threshold hits quicker makes more shallow, hits threshold later, less beats
38
how does the sympathetic system increase contractility of myocardium?
action of NA enhancing calcium release in myocytes
39
positive inotropic effect
increase in contractility by sympathetic shifts Starling's law graph upwards (increased work for each filling pressure) para- doesn't change contractility
40
cardiac output
amount of blood moving through the system move more blood - increase blood pressure
41
total peripheral resistance
less volume for same amount of blood - more pressure determined by radius of vessels
42
MAP
mean arterial blood pressure | 2/3 diastolic pressure and 1/3 systolic pressure
43
baroreceptors
reads pressure | mainly in aortic arch - carotid artery (where left ventricle pumps blood out so highest pressure)
44
what determines blood pressure?
cardiac output - depends on heart rate, stroke volume - contractility and filling pressure - venous return TPR - diameter
45
renin
less flow detected and secretes renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I ACE converts to angiotensin II (lung express a lot of ACE)
46
angiotensin II
best vasoconstrictor increase peripheral resistance increase venous tone increase cardiac output secretino of aldosterone - increase retention of Na, increase thirst so increase input and plasma volume, increase ECF and plasma volume - increases filling pressure
47
atrial stretch receptors
sense filling pressure | reduce ECF and blood volume
48
ANP
atrial natriuretic peptide stimulated by atrial stretch receptors, stop from stretching too much renal excretion of Na and reduces blood volume sends info to hypothalamus - decrease secretion of ADH - stop releasing water to kidney, stop losing water
49
what happens to blood flow after cutting off circulation for few minutes?
huge jump up in flow and slowly comes down | adenosine released during hypoxia and causes vasodilation to increase O2 and blood flow
50
things that cause vasoconstriction
sympathetic tone angiotensin II ADH
51
things that cause vasodilation
adenosine potassium NO adrenaline
52
haemorrhage
rapid loss of blood need to maintain blood pressure or will get organ death need to alter peripheral resistance and volume of vessels reabsorb extracellular fluid to replace blood but lose viscosity because of this
53
adrenaline's effect on vessels
bind to alpha receptors and cause constriction
54
beta receptors in skeletal muscles
adrenaline cause dilation
55
heart during exercise
if filling pressure becomes very large, cardiac output fails stroke volume no longer increases with increasing filling pressure so don't overstretch heart muscle because can't recover pulled muscle in heart, can't rest it so change heart rate not stroke volume (reduce time stretching so don't overstretch)
56
myoglobin
really good at holding O2 (70%)
57
low oxygen levels result in
vasoconstriction

1st year: Physiology and Metabolism (7 decks)

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