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1st year: Physiology and Metabolism > neurobiology > Flashcards

neurobiology Flashcards

1
Q

proprioception

A

part of sensory input

where organs compared to each other

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2
Q

integrating system

A

make decisions from sensory and stored record of previous experience

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3
Q

purpose of dendrites

A

increase SA to recieve input from as many places where contact other neurones as possible

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4
Q

anterograde transport

A

from soma down axon to terminals

rapid or slow

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5
Q

retrograde transport

A

from terminals to soma
like worn out mitochondria/SER
rapid

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6
Q

axonal transport

A

anterograde or retrograde
requires hydrolysis of ATP
motors walk along microtubules

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7
Q

myelin sheath in diff areas of nervous system

A

oligodendrocytes form myelin sheath in central NS, 1 cell can cover many axons and neurones
Schwann cells in peripheral NS, 1 per axon

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8
Q

glia cells

A

non-neuronal cells in NS

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9
Q

microglial

A

respond to damage and clean cellular debris, launch immune system

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10
Q

astrocytes

A

star shaped, foot processes on blood vessels, restrict what can enter brain because molecules have to go through astrocytes
connected to neurones as well
release gliotransmitters
provide metabolic fuel for neurones

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11
Q

ganglia

A

collections of nerve cells

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12
Q

neuropil

A

dense regions of nerve fibers devoid of cell bodies

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13
Q

encephalisation

A

ganglia fuse to brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

autonomic NS

somatic NS

A

fight or flight - para/sympathetic

skeletal muscles under voluntary control

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15
Q

spinal cord arrangment

A

grey matter - where cell bodies of axons are
axons enter from periphery into white matter
diff segments (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral)
related to diff parts of body
can see where injuries to spinal cord affect

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16
Q

meninges

A

surrounds CNS and protects
brain suspended in jacket of cerebrospinal fluid - fluid filled cavities
3 layers cover brain - Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

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17
Q

CSF

A

cerebral spinal fluid made by choroid plexuses in ventricles (fluid filled cavities)
removes waste
supplies CNS with nutrients
buffers blood pressure changes

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18
Q

changes in CSF can mean disorder

A

should be clear
blood - subarachnoid haemorrhage
yellow - old blood or jaundice

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19
Q

brainstem structure

A

medulla - respiration, cardiovascular function
pons - links with cerebellum, modifies medulla output
cerebellum - balance, fine movement, posture
midbrain - visual, audio, motor control, sensation

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20
Q

hypothalamus

A 
autonomic ontrol
appetite
reproductive behaviour
homeostasis
endocrine control
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21
Q

thalamus

A

integrates sensory info

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22
Q

ionic movement for resting membrane potential

A

impermeable to Na so lots outside
more K inside

equilibrium between conc and electrical gradient

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23
Q

changing sodium conc

A

will not affect resting potential

but reducing sodium around axon decreased size of (action) potential

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24
Q

why is the membrane potential in reality less negative than Ek?

A

cell membrane not completely impermeable to Na, and some K leakage

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25
sodium-potassium pump
3 sodium pumped outside 2 potassium in both against conc. gradients so use ATP
26
how long does AP last?
depends on temp but usually 1ms
27
driving force of Na moving in cell when channels open
down conc gradient because less Na in cell | down electrical gradient because negative in cell and Na is positive
28
subthreshold
don't reach threshold of action potential (about +50)
29
conductance
flow of ions
30
why is potassium ion flow slower than sodium, during AP?
starts slower because activation of voltage-gated channels slower for potassium
31
repolarisation
potassium channels open after a delay, K moves out of cell down conc gradient and down electrical gradient Na channels close
32
refractory period
can't activate again for period of time absolute - AP can't initiate again, channels inactivated relative - can AP but need bigger stimulus
33
axon hillock
initial segment full of channels decides whether to fire AP
34
speed of AP conduction depends on
axon diameter | bigger diameter means faster conduction
35
difference in speed between myelinated and non?
100 fold
36
electrical synapses
touching - connexons pair up between cells delay can be 2 way little plasticity
37
main inhibitory and excitatory chemical neurotransmitter? regulation of food uptake?
GABA glutamate orexin
38
axodendritic synapses axosomatic axoaxonic
synapse on dendritic spine or shaft itself on soma - very powerful close to axon hilic
39
filling vesicle with neurotransmitter
ATP pumps H ions into vesicle pushes against conc and electrical gradient get NT in from exchange of H ions H out provides energy to pump NT in
40
peptide vs non-peptide NTs
non peptide made locally where needed in synapse | peptide made in cell body and travel to synaptic cleft via anterograde transport in vesicle
41
synaptotagmin
snare protein | senses calcium influx so tension and fusion of vesicle to membrane
42
features of Ca dependent transmitter release
requires binding of multiple (3-5) quick blocked Ca entry means can't release transmitter
43
vesicle recycling
endocytosis | clathrin surrounds membrane that needs to be retrieved
44
4 postsynaptic effects | in speed order - fast to slow
ionotropic - channel-linked receptors, cellular effects metabotropic - G-protein coupled receptors kinase-linked receptors nuclear receptors -receptors linked to gene transcription
45
synthesis of ACh
acetyl-CoA and choline turn into acetylcholine by choline acetyltransferase (CHAT)
46
nicotinic receptor | muscarinic receptor
selectively activated by nicotine - ionotropic, fast selectively activated by muscarine - metabotropic, slow
47
how many pairs of spinal nerves in humans that come out of spinal cord?
31
48
where are motor neurones and sensory neurone situated?
``` motor in ventral roots (towards gut) dorsal roots (back) ```
49
fascicle
bundles on axons
50
2 types of motor neurones
lower - comes out spinal cord to go to muscle, cell body in ventral horn upper - synapses onto lower, fire so activate lower, in spinal cord only
51
cortocospinal pathway
motor pathway starts in motor cortex (divided into gyri and sulcus, out and in bumps) gyri jsut before central sulcus is the motor cortex post-central gyrus is where sensory info comes in axons from cortex to pyramids in medulla to spinal cord to lower motor neurones then to muscles
52
somatotopic map
diff parts of motor cortex correspond to diff parts of body
53
why can't you get summation of contractions in heart?
AP in heart is same length as contraction | good because need to keep flow of blood correct
54
increasing force of contraction
recruitment | temporal summation
55
why do muscles fatigue?
``` depletion of glycogen accumulation of extracellular K accumulation of lactate accumulation of ADP + Pi central fatigue - psychological ```
56
diff types of muscle fibres show diff resistance to fatigue
type 1 doesn't because low force + slow | type 2 does a lot
57
what detects how much muscle contracted?
Golgi organ in tendon
58
muscle spindles
in middle of muscle, intrafusal sensory fibres go to spinal cord contract muscle - spindle goes floppy so can't detect anything, gamma motor neurones cause contraction so can continue to detect
59
Golgi tendon reflex
reduce contraction to stop damage
60
cutaneous sensory receptors (touch)
Meissners corpuscles - upper dermis, vibration Pacinian corpuscles - deep in dermis, deep pressure Merkels discs - base of epidermis, sustained pressure Ruffinis corpuscles - deep in dermis, sustained pressure
61
tonic vs phasic
slowly adapting | rapidly adapting
62
2 point discrimination
2 nerves in same receptive field - feel like same place because 1 signal to brain not in receptive field - don't feel it
63
functions of autonomic NS
contraction of smooth muscle exocrine/endocrine secretion control of heartbeat steps in intermediary metabolism
64
noradrenaline receptors
alpha and beta adrenoceptors - metabotropic (G protein coupled)
65
varicosities
swellings | synapses in ANS after postganglionic neurone
66
sympathetic: superior cervical ganglion coeliac ganglion superior mesenteric ganglion inferior mesenteric ganglion
eye, lacrimal glands, salivary glands heart, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lung oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, bilary system, large intestine, adrenal gland large intestine large intestine, kidney, bladder, reproductive organs
67
paravertebreal chain (sympathetic chain)
``` spinal cord autonomic fibres within peripheral nerve preganglionic neurone in lateral horn axon out into sympathetic chain synapse in sympathetic ganglion to postganglionic neurone and back into spinal nerve to heart/blood vessels/other plexuses and ganglia/other swelling and synapse there ```
68
autonomic reflexes are controlled by what?
hypothalamus
69
presbyopia
loss of near vision as lens becomes less elastic | ciliary muscle relaxed for far vision and contracted for near vision (fatter so bend light more)
70
Horner syndrome
damage on 1 side of ANS going to face | loss of sweat on 1 side of face, eyelid falls, large pupil
71
isometric muscle contraction
length doesn't change but increase force and tension | e.g. forearm muscle when holding object
72
isotonic muscle contraction
tension doesn't change but length changes, anchored at top but not at bottom
73
sphincter
circular muscle maintains constriction of natural body passage e.g. relax when urinate so mostly always contracted
74
which smooth muscles always contracted and which partially?
sphincters always fully | blood vessels/airways partially
75
micturition
peeing
76
smooth muscle multi-unit vs single unit
separate and act independently, like in iris/piloerector (hair stands up) cells coupled, all active together, controlled by 1 varicosity
77
force produced by muscle contraction depends on...
recruitment - no. active muscle fibres temporal summation - frequency of stimulation rate at which muscle shortens cross sectional area of muscle initial resting length of muscle
78
tetanus
muscle fully contracted
79
initial resting length of sarcomere - muscle tension effect
optimal length generates most force - stretch receptors pull to optimal not enough overlap between actin and myosin - can't produce any force too overlapped - already contracted so can't overlap any more and generate force
80
triad junction
at junction of A and I bands
81
sources of ATP for muscle contraction
glycogen to glucose from aerobic R anaerobic R phosphocreatine - ADP + creatin phosphate --> ATP + creatine
82
rigor mortis after death
stiff muscles because no ATP to break corss-bridges
83
tropomyosin
bound to troponin TnC binds to calcium then conformational change allows myosin bind to actin
84
DHPR RYR
di-hydra pyridine receptors di-hydra pyridine blocked calcium receptors ryanodine receptor - stores of calcium (SR)
85
how is contraction of skeletal muscles terminated?
by calcium removal | taken up into SR by SERCA-type pump (sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase) requires ATP

1st year: Physiology and Metabolism (7 decks)

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