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1st year: Physiology and Metabolism > neurobiology > Flashcards

neurobiology Flashcards

1
Q

proprioception

A

part of sensory input

where organs compared to each other

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2
Q

integrating system

A

make decisions from sensory and stored record of previous experience

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3
Q

purpose of dendrites

A

increase SA to recieve input from as many places where contact other neurones as possible

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4
Q

anterograde transport

A

from soma down axon to terminals

rapid or slow

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5
Q

retrograde transport

A

from terminals to soma
like worn out mitochondria/SER
rapid

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6
Q

axonal transport

A

anterograde or retrograde
requires hydrolysis of ATP
motors walk along microtubules

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7
Q

myelin sheath in diff areas of nervous system

A

oligodendrocytes form myelin sheath in central NS, 1 cell can cover many axons and neurones
Schwann cells in peripheral NS, 1 per axon

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8
Q

glia cells

A

non-neuronal cells in NS

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9
Q

microglial

A

respond to damage and clean cellular debris, launch immune system

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10
Q

astrocytes

A

star shaped, foot processes on blood vessels, restrict what can enter brain because molecules have to go through astrocytes
connected to neurones as well
release gliotransmitters
provide metabolic fuel for neurones

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11
Q

ganglia

A

collections of nerve cells

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12
Q

neuropil

A

dense regions of nerve fibers devoid of cell bodies

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13
Q

encephalisation

A

ganglia fuse to brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

autonomic NS

somatic NS

A

fight or flight - para/sympathetic

skeletal muscles under voluntary control

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15
Q

spinal cord arrangment

A

grey matter - where cell bodies of axons are
axons enter from periphery into white matter
diff segments (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral)
related to diff parts of body
can see where injuries to spinal cord affect

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16
Q

meninges

A

surrounds CNS and protects
brain suspended in jacket of cerebrospinal fluid - fluid filled cavities
3 layers cover brain - Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

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17
Q

CSF

A

cerebral spinal fluid made by choroid plexuses in ventricles (fluid filled cavities)
removes waste
supplies CNS with nutrients
buffers blood pressure changes

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18
Q

changes in CSF can mean disorder

A

should be clear
blood - subarachnoid haemorrhage
yellow - old blood or jaundice

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19
Q

brainstem structure

A

medulla - respiration, cardiovascular function
pons - links with cerebellum, modifies medulla output
cerebellum - balance, fine movement, posture
midbrain - visual, audio, motor control, sensation

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20
Q

hypothalamus

A 
autonomic ontrol
appetite
reproductive behaviour
homeostasis
endocrine control
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21
Q

thalamus

A

integrates sensory info

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22
Q

ionic movement for resting membrane potential

A

impermeable to Na so lots outside
more K inside

equilibrium between conc and electrical gradient

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23
Q

changing sodium conc

A

will not affect resting potential

but reducing sodium around axon decreased size of (action) potential

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24
Q

why is the membrane potential in reality less negative than Ek?

A

cell membrane not completely impermeable to Na, and some K leakage

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25
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

3 sodium pumped outside
2 potassium in
both against conc. gradients so use ATP

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26
Q

how long does AP last?

A

depends on temp but usually 1ms

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27
Q

driving force of Na moving in cell when channels open

A

down conc gradient because less Na in cell

down electrical gradient because negative in cell and Na is positive

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28
Q

subthreshold

A

don’t reach threshold of action potential (about +50)

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29
Q

conductance

A

flow of ions

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30
Q

why is potassium ion flow slower than sodium, during AP?

A

starts slower because activation of voltage-gated channels slower for potassium

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31
Q

repolarisation

A

potassium channels open after a delay, K moves out of cell down conc gradient and down electrical gradient
Na channels close

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32
Q

refractory period

A

can’t activate again for period of time
absolute - AP can’t initiate again, channels inactivated
relative - can AP but need bigger stimulus

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33
Q

axon hillock

A

initial segment
full of channels
decides whether to fire AP

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34
Q

speed of AP conduction depends on

A

axon diameter

bigger diameter means faster conduction

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35
Q

difference in speed between myelinated and non?

A

100 fold

36
Q

electrical synapses

A

touching - connexons pair up between cells delay
can be 2 way
little plasticity

37
Q

main inhibitory and excitatory chemical neurotransmitter?

regulation of food uptake?

A

GABA
glutamate

orexin

38
Q

axodendritic synapses
axosomatic
axoaxonic

A

synapse on dendritic spine or shaft itself

on soma - very powerful

close to axon hilic

39
Q

filling vesicle with neurotransmitter

A

ATP pumps H ions into vesicle
pushes against conc and electrical gradient
get NT in from exchange of H ions
H out provides energy to pump NT in

40
Q

peptide vs non-peptide NTs

A

non peptide made locally where needed in synapse

peptide made in cell body and travel to synaptic cleft via anterograde transport in vesicle

41
Q

synaptotagmin

A

snare protein

senses calcium influx so tension and fusion of vesicle to membrane

42
Q

features of Ca dependent transmitter release

A

requires binding of multiple (3-5)
quick
blocked Ca entry means can’t release transmitter

43
Q

vesicle recycling

A

endocytosis

clathrin surrounds membrane that needs to be retrieved

44
Q

4 postsynaptic effects

in speed order - fast to slow

A

ionotropic - channel-linked receptors, cellular effects

metabotropic - G-protein coupled receptors

kinase-linked receptors

nuclear receptors -receptors linked to gene transcription

45
Q

synthesis of ACh

A

acetyl-CoA and choline turn into acetylcholine by choline acetyltransferase (CHAT)

46
Q

nicotinic receptor

muscarinic receptor

A

selectively activated by nicotine - ionotropic, fast

selectively activated by muscarine - metabotropic, slow

47
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves in humans that come out of spinal cord?

A

31

48
Q

where are motor neurones and sensory neurone situated?

A 
motor in ventral roots (towards gut)
dorsal roots (back)
49
Q

fascicle

A

bundles on axons

50
Q

2 types of motor neurones

A

lower - comes out spinal cord to go to muscle, cell body in ventral horn

upper - synapses onto lower, fire so activate lower, in spinal cord only

51
Q

cortocospinal pathway

A

motor pathway
starts in motor cortex (divided into gyri and sulcus, out and in bumps)
gyri jsut before central sulcus is the motor cortex
post-central gyrus is where sensory info comes in

axons from cortex to pyramids in medulla to spinal cord to lower motor neurones then to muscles

52
Q

somatotopic map

A

diff parts of motor cortex correspond to diff parts of body

53
Q

why can’t you get summation of contractions in heart?

A

AP in heart is same length as contraction

good because need to keep flow of blood correct

54
Q

increasing force of contraction

A

recruitment

temporal summation

55
Q

why do muscles fatigue?

A 
depletion of glycogen
accumulation of extracellular K
accumulation of lactate
accumulation of ADP + Pi
central fatigue - psychological
56
Q

diff types of muscle fibres show diff resistance to fatigue

A

type 1 doesn’t because low force + slow

type 2 does a lot

57
Q

what detects how much muscle contracted?

A

Golgi organ in tendon

58
Q

muscle spindles

A

in middle of muscle, intrafusal
sensory fibres go to spinal cord

contract muscle - spindle goes floppy so can’t detect anything, gamma motor neurones cause contraction so can continue to detect

59
Q

Golgi tendon reflex

A

reduce contraction to stop damage

60
Q

cutaneous sensory receptors (touch)

A

Meissners corpuscles - upper dermis, vibration
Pacinian corpuscles - deep in dermis, deep pressure
Merkels discs - base of epidermis, sustained pressure
Ruffinis corpuscles - deep in dermis, sustained pressure

61
Q

tonic vs phasic

A

slowly adapting

rapidly adapting

62
Q

2 point discrimination

A

2 nerves in same receptive field - feel like same place because 1 signal to brain

not in receptive field - don’t feel it

63
Q

functions of autonomic NS

A

contraction of smooth muscle
exocrine/endocrine secretion
control of heartbeat
steps in intermediary metabolism

64
Q

noradrenaline receptors

A

alpha and beta adrenoceptors - metabotropic (G protein coupled)

65
Q

varicosities

A

swellings

synapses in ANS after postganglionic neurone

66
Q

sympathetic:
superior cervical ganglion

coeliac ganglion

superior mesenteric ganglion

inferior mesenteric ganglion

A

eye, lacrimal glands, salivary glands
heart, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lung

oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, bilary system, large intestine, adrenal gland

large intestine

large intestine, kidney, bladder, reproductive organs

67
Q

paravertebreal chain (sympathetic chain)

A 
spinal cord
autonomic fibres within peripheral nerve
preganglionic neurone in lateral horn
axon out into sympathetic chain
synapse in sympathetic ganglion to postganglionic neurone and back into spinal nerve to heart/blood vessels/other plexuses and ganglia/other swelling and synapse there
68
Q

autonomic reflexes are controlled by what?

A

hypothalamus

69
Q

presbyopia

A

loss of near vision as lens becomes less elastic

ciliary muscle relaxed for far vision and contracted for near vision (fatter so bend light more)

70
Q

Horner syndrome

A

damage on 1 side of ANS going to face

loss of sweat on 1 side of face, eyelid falls, large pupil

71
Q

isometric muscle contraction

A

length doesn’t change but increase force and tension

e.g. forearm muscle when holding object

72
Q

isotonic muscle contraction

A

tension doesn’t change but length changes, anchored at top but not at bottom

73
Q

sphincter

A

circular muscle maintains constriction of natural body passage
e.g. relax when urinate so mostly always contracted

74
Q

which smooth muscles always contracted and which partially?

A

sphincters always fully

blood vessels/airways partially

75
Q

micturition

A

peeing

76
Q

smooth muscle multi-unit vs single unit

A

separate and act independently, like in iris/piloerector (hair stands up)

cells coupled, all active together, controlled by 1 varicosity

77
Q

force produced by muscle contraction depends on…

A

recruitment - no. active muscle fibres

temporal summation - frequency of stimulation

rate at which muscle shortens

cross sectional area of muscle

initial resting length of muscle

78
Q

tetanus

A

muscle fully contracted

79
Q

initial resting length of sarcomere - muscle tension effect

A

optimal length generates most force - stretch receptors pull to optimal

not enough overlap between actin and myosin - can’t produce any force

too overlapped - already contracted so can’t overlap any more and generate force

80
Q

triad junction

A

at junction of A and I bands

81
Q

sources of ATP for muscle contraction

A

glycogen to glucose from aerobic R

anaerobic R

phosphocreatine - ADP + creatin phosphate –> ATP + creatine

82
Q

rigor mortis after death

A

stiff muscles because no ATP to break corss-bridges

83
Q

tropomyosin

A

bound to troponin
TnC binds to calcium
then conformational change allows myosin bind to actin

84
Q

DHPR

RYR

A

di-hydra pyridine receptors
di-hydra pyridine blocked calcium receptors

ryanodine receptor - stores of calcium (SR)

85
Q

how is contraction of skeletal muscles terminated?

A

by calcium removal

taken up into SR by SERCA-type pump (sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase) requires ATP

1st year: Physiology and Metabolism (7 decks)

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