Respiratory Physiology Flashcards
How many pairs of ribs attached to the sternum? (true ribs)
7
how many pairs of false ribs are there?
3
how many pairs of floating ribs are there?
2
ventilation
breathing in and out, mechanically
gas exchange at the alveolar level is technically…
respiration
what is atmospheric pressure?
760 mm Hg
what is intapleural pressure in relation to intra-alveolar pressure during both inhalation and exhalation?
always 4 mm hg lower
Transpulmonary pressure=
[intrapulmonary (intr-alveolar) pressure]-[intrapleural pressure]
Boyle’s law states that volume and pressure have a what type of relationship?
inverse
what muscle is responsible for 75% of quiet inhalation?
diaphragm
muscles that account for 25% of quiet inhalation
external intercostals
the amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs during quiet breathing:
tidal volume (500 cc)
the innervation to the diaphragm is by the______ nerve. What level of the spinal cord is it derived from?
phrenic nerve; C3, 4, 5
when the diaphragm decends and the external intercostals expand and the chest in the intrapulmonary volume _______ and the pressure _____. D/t the pressure gradient created, air [enters/exits] the lungs.
increases, decreases, enters
T/F
quiet exhalation is d/t the contraction of specific muscles
False
When the diaphragm and external intercostals relax, the volume _______ and the pressure _______. During this phase the intra pulmonary pressure is _____ than the atmospheric and air [enters/exits] the lungs.
decreases, increases, higher, exits
during forceful inhalation the muscles that assist the diaphragm and external intercostals are the (3)
SCM, scalenes and pectoralis minor
the amount of air that can inhaled over and above the tidal volume is termed the…
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 3100cc
the major muscles that result in forceful exhalation are the ________. These muscles are assisted by the ___________.
abdominal muscles.
internal intercostal muscles
the amount of air that can be exhaled over and above that of a quite exhalation is termed…
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 1200 cc
the inspiratory capacity equals the addition of which two volumes?
tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
the functional residual capacity equals the addition of which two volumes?
expiratory reserve volume and residual volume
the vital capacity equals the addition of which volumes
tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) equals :
the amount of air that can be forcefully exhales in 1 second after taking the deepest breath possible
how would the instructions for vital capacity differ from that of FEV1?
the exhaled portion is timed
noral ventilator rate per min
12-20 breaths per min
calculate the minute ventilation
tidal volume X respiratory rate
the atomic dead space is air that stays in the airways and is unavailable for gas exchange equals ____ % of the tidal volume.
30%
air always moves from a region of ____ pressure to a region of _____ pressure
high -> low
the lipid substance produced by type II pneumocytes is
surfactant
the function of surfactant is to ______ the surface tension
decrease
compliance is defined as the ____ required to inflate the lungs and is a measure o the change in _____ that occurs for a given change of the ________ pressure
effort
volume
transpulmonary
if the diameter of an airway is decreased, the resistance will increase _____
exponentially to the 4th power
air flow is [directly/indirectly] proportional to a pressure gradient and [directly/inversely] proportional to resistance
directly
inversely
What is the type of adrenergic receptor for norepinephrine on smooth muscle in the airways
beta-2
binding of norepi to a beta-2 receptor results in ______ of the muscle and __________.
relaxation
bronchodilation
signs of respiratory distress
nasal flaring (infants), grunting, pursed lips, retractions, wheezing
what law states that each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure independent of the other gases
Dalton’s law
partial pressure of O2 (PA O2) in the air and when it reaches the alveoli?
160 in the air; 104 mmhg at alveoli
what law states the proportion of gas that will dissolve in the liquid (ie blood) I proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient?
Henry’s law
At the alveolarcapilary membrane, O2 moves _____ the pulmonary capillaries d/t a large pressure gradient
into
at the tissue level, the O2 moves _____ the systemic capillaries d/t a large pressure gradient
out of
the pressure gradient for carbon dioxide is _____ than the gradient for O2
Smaller
the solubility of the Carbon dioxide is ____ than the solubility of oxygen
greater than
at the tissue level, carbon dioxide ____ the systemic capillaries
enters
at the alveolarcapillary membrane, carbon dioxide ____ the pulmonary capillaries
exits
The amount of O2 in inspired atmosphere?
21%
the higher partial pressure of O2, the greater/lower rate of binding of O2 to hemoglobin
greater
how many molecules of O2 can each hemoglobin bind?
4
normal O2 saturation
> 95%
On the hemoglobin -oxygen dissociation curve an arterial PO2 of 100 mm Hg would correlate with an O2 saturation of ….
95-100%
On the hemoglobin -oxygen dissociation curve an arterial PO2 of 70 mm Hg would correlate with an O2 saturation of ….
95%
the normal range of partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood gas samples:
70-100 mmHg
The normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in an arterial blood gas sample ranges from :
35-45 mm Hg
The normal range of pH of the blood in an arterial blood gas sample ranges from :
7.35-7.45
When O2-hemoglobin curve is shifted to the right, hemoglobin has (Less/More) affinity or O2.
less affinity
will release O2 more readily to the tissues
Tucker’s favorite chemical equation
H20 + CO2 -> H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3
Reversible, enzyme is carbonic anhydrase
when the O2/hemoglobin cure is shifted to the right when the concentration of CO2 is:
increased
the increase of what ion concentration will shift the O2/Hemoglobin curve to the right?
hydrogen
when the pH decreases, which way will the O2/hemoglobin curve shift? What is this called?
to the right; acidosis
the O2/hemoglobin curve shifts to the right do to a decrease in pH (what is the named effect?)
Bohr effect
which way is the O2/hemoglobin curve shifted when the O2 is more readily released into the tissues?
right
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in what form?
as a bicarbonate ion
what % of CO is transported as Bicarbonate?
70%
Approximately what percentage of carbon dioxide is transported dissolved in blood?
7%
Approximately what percentage of carbon dioxide is transported attached to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)?
23&
Carbon dioxide is better able to bind to hemoglobin for transport when the partial pressure of oxygen and thus oxygen saturation is lower. This is termed the :
Haldane effect
The major nuclei for stimulation of ventilation (rhythm generator) is located in which region of the brainstem?
medulla
The specific group of neurons that stimulated the ventilation is termed the ….
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
. The three nuclei that modify the basic rate of breathing are the:
(and where are they located)
dorsal respiratory group (DRG) in medulla
the apneustic nuclei pons
the pneumotaxic in pons.
. The chemoreceptors that send information to the brainstem regarding the need to take a breath are located in which two blood vessels? (Hint-it’s the same as the baroreceptors
aorta and internal carotid
The ventilatory drive is triggered primarily by :
Carbon dioxide
