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A&P Q2 T3 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

how long is the GI tract, and what structures define it’s beginning and end?

A

23 feet long (in a live person)

mouth to anus

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2
Q

segmentation is primarily d/t

A

inner circular smooth muscle later of the GI tract

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3
Q

what is responsible for peristalsis

A

outer longitudinal

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4
Q

what type of cells absorb nutrients in the GI tract

A

simple columnar

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5
Q

four layers of the GI tact

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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6
Q

what type of cells makes up the mucosal layer?

A

simple columnar

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7
Q

what is the connective tissue that lies under the basement membrane of the GI tract?

A

lamina propria

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8
Q

what is the thin layer of smooth muscle in the mucosa of the GI tracts called

A

muscularis mucosa

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9
Q

what type of epithalial cells are in the mucosal layer in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and anus

A

stratified squamous

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10
Q

the simple columnar cells found in the majority of the intestines contain intracellular…..

A

tight junctions

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11
Q

the cells of the intestines are replaced every…

A

5-7 days

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12
Q

what type of connective tissue is found in the lamina propria of the mucosa?

A

loose areolar

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13
Q

what are the vessels and nerves in the lamina propria are called:

A

MALTS: mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

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14
Q

submucosa consists of what type of connective tissue (and what do you find here)?

A

loose areolar.

arteries, veins, nerves and lymphatics

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15
Q

The part of the intrinsic nervous system of the GI tract (enteric nervous system) found in the submucosal layer is the:

A

submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus)

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16
Q

what is the function of the submucosal plexus? (Meissner’s plexus)

A

increase secretion from glands

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17
Q

the true muscular layer of the (majority of the) GI tract has what two layers:

A

a circular inner layer and an outer longitudinal layer

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18
Q

The portion of the enteric nervous system found in between the circular and longitudinal layers in the GI tracts is termed the

A 
myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus)
(it innervates both layers)
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19
Q

type of muscle tissue found in the tongue, oropharynx, larynx and 1/2 of the esophagus

A

skeletal muscle

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20
Q

the outer layer of connective tissue in the GI tract is called:

A

serosa

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21
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract is via the:

A

vagus nerve and spinal curve segments S2, 3 and 4

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22
Q

the effect of the vagus nerve and S2-4 is to…

A

increase the activity of the gut

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23
Q

the sympathetic innervation of the GI tract has what effect

A

decrease activity of GI tract

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24
Q

The serous membrane that is adherent to the coils of the intestine is :

A

the visceral peritoneum

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25
Q

The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is the

A

parietal peritoneum

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26
Q

retro-peritoneal organs (6)

A

duodenum, pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon and kidneys.

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27
Q

what is the legit name for the fatty apron

A

greater omentum

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28
Q

what two places does the greater omentum origonate

A

the greater curvature of the stomach and the duodenum

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29
Q

what type of tissue is the greater momentum made of and what does it contain?

A
  • adipose and lymphoid

- arteries, veins, nerves and lymphatics

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30
Q

what does the lesser omentum connect?

A

the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver

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31
Q

what does the falciform ligament connect?

A

liver and the anterior abdominal wall

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32
Q

where does the coronary ligament lie?

A

superior to the liver and immediately below the diaphragm

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33
Q

mesentery anchors and connects the folds of what structure?

A

small intestine

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34
Q

what types of cells line the mouth?

A

stratified squamous

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35
Q

technical term for lips and gums

A

labia, gingiva

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36
Q

the connective tissue that anchors the lips and the tongue are called the …

A

fenulum

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37
Q

two arches of the palate:

A

Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal

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38
Q

the space between the glossopharyngeal and palatopharyngeal arches

A

fauces

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39
Q

what structure is located on the fauces?

A

palatine tonsils

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40
Q

the fauces is the dividing line between the

A

oral cavity and the oropharynx

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41
Q

what are three lymphoid aggregates in the oropharynx?

A

palatine, pharyngeal (nasopharynx) and lingual tonsils

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42
Q

the 3 salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands

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43
Q

the largest salivary gland that produces the majority of the saliva (gland and what is it’s ducts)

A

parotid; stenson’s duct

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44
Q

where is the opening of Stenson’s duct?

A

2nd upper molar

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45
Q

what enzyme does saliva contain?

A

salivary amylase

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46
Q

what does salivary amylase degrade?

A

carbs and startches

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47
Q

other than enzymes, what else does saliva contain?

A

water, lysozymes, IgA, ions (Na, Cl, etc)

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48
Q

movement of the tongue is controlled by what CN?

A

hypoglossal (CN11)

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49
Q

what is the most abundant type of papilla on the tongue? What are they not used for?

A

filiform paplillae, detecting taste

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50
Q

what are the two types of papilla are used for detecting taste?

A

fungiform papilla, circumvallate

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51
Q

describe the placement/disbursement of the papilla on the tongue

A

filiform: all over
fungiform: scattered
circumvallate: posterio surface in a V shape

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52
Q

what are the six different tastes

A

sweet, sour, bitter, umami, metalic, salty

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53
Q

what do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

movement of the tongue to shape food and move it posteriorly

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54
Q

what does the intrinsic muscle group of the tongue do?

A

alter the shape and size of the tongue for speech and swallowing

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55
Q

three major regions of the tooth

A

crown, neck and root

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56
Q

what are the upper teeth embedded in? the lower?

A

upper: maxilla
Lower: mandibular bone

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57
Q

teeth are what type of joint

A

gomphosis

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58
Q

what is the portion of the tooth that is uncovered by the gums called?

A

crown

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59
Q

what is the portion of the tooth embedded in the bone

A

root

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60
Q

what substance forms most of the tooth and is wicked hard

A

dentin

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61
Q

what is the hardest type of bone in the body which also makes up the most external part of the tooth?

A

enamel

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62
Q

the ligament that attaches the tooth to the bony socket and absorbs shock during chewing

A

periodontal ligament

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63
Q

bone-like substance covers the dentin and attaches the the root to the peridontal ligament?

A

cementum

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64
Q

what is the open space in the region of the crown?

A

pulp cavity

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65
Q

what is the passageway that connects the pulp cavity to the underlying connective tissue

A

root canal

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66
Q

what structures are found in both the root canal and the root cavity?

A

arteries, nerves, veins, lymphatics

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67
Q

how many primary or deciduous teeth are there?

A

20

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68
Q

primary teeth begin to erupt a what age? and at what rate

A

6 months; 2/month

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69
Q

ultimately all the primary teeth are lost by when?

A

6-12 yo

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70
Q

how many secondary/permanent teeth are there?

A

32

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71
Q

name the permanent teeth in a quadrant moving from medial to lateral

A

central incisor, lateral incisor, canine (cuspid), 1st and 2nd premolar; 1st, 2nd and 3rd molar (wisdom teeth)

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72
Q

what type of muscle is in the pharynx and what nerve innervates it?

A

skeletal muscle, vagus nerve

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73
Q

what type of epithelium is in the pharynx?

A

stratified squamous

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74
Q

what actions prevent the aspiration of food?

A

elevation of the palate, elevation of the larynx and closure of the epiglottis over the trachea

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75
Q

the esophagus (does/does not) play a role in digestion

A

does NOT!

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76
Q

the mucosal layer of the esophagus is lines by what type of cells?

A

stratified simple squamous

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77
Q

the thick part of the esophagus is called the:

A

muscularis

78
Q

what type of muscle lines the upper 1/3 of the esophagus? the lower 1/3? and the middle?

A

upper 1/3: skeletal
middle: both
lower 1/3: smooth muscle (arranged in an inner circular and outer longitudinal pattern)

79
Q

submucosa contains connective tissue that has what

A

vessels, nerves, lymphatics and glands that secrete mucus

80
Q

the outer connective tissue layer of the esophagus is called the

A

adventitia

81
Q

what opens during swallowing?

A

superior (upper) esophageal sphincter

82
Q

what muscle causes the superior esophageal sphincter to open during swallowing?

A

cricopharyngeus muscle (elevates the larynx)

83
Q

what structure of the esophagus is contracted during the resting state

A

lower esophageal sphincter

84
Q

what is the clinical disorder associated with the lower esophageal dysfunction in which the sphincter remains relaxed and food ca reflux back into the esophagus?

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD

85
Q

what can GERD lead to

A

ulceration, Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal cancer

86
Q

what curvature of the stomach is larger and more inferiority located

A

greater curvature

87
Q

what curvature of the stomach is smaller and more superior?

A

the lesser curvature

88
Q

what structure is suspended from the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

greater omentum

89
Q

what structure is attached to the lesser curvature?

A

lesser omentum

90
Q

what is the region of the stomach that lies immediately below the esophagus?

A

cardia (cardiac region)

91
Q

what is the domed portion of the stomach

A

fundus

92
Q

what is the main portion of the stomach called?

A

body

93
Q

what is the terminal portion of the stomach called? and what are its two parts?

A

pylorus, antrum and canal

94
Q

what smooth muscle sphincter regulates the movement of food from the stomach into the duodenum?

A

pyloric sphincter

95
Q

what type of cell lines the stomach?

A

simple columnar

96
Q

what are the folds in the stomach called?

A

rugae

97
Q

how many layers of tissue does the true muscularis layer of the stomach contain? What are they?

A

3; oblique, circular and longitudinal

98
Q

what type of connective tissue is in the submucosa?

A

loose areolar

99
Q

what is another name for the serosa?

A

visceral peritoneum

100
Q

the microscopic anatomy of the stomach mucosa contains what structures?

A

gastric pits

101
Q

what cells secrete mucus in the stomach?

A

goblet cells

102
Q

what cells secrete HCL in the stomach?

A

parietal cells

103
Q

what cell secretes intrinsic factor in the stomach?

A

parietal cell

104
Q

what cell secretes pepsinogen?

A

cheif cell

105
Q

what enteroendocrine cell secretes gastin?

A

g cell

106
Q

where are the proton pumps located (what cell and where on the cell)

A

apical surface of the parietal cell

107
Q

H is actively pumped into the stomach, which ion is pumped into the parietal cell in exchange?

A

K

108
Q

What is H’s role in the lumen of the stomach?

A

it is made into HCl which activates/converts pepsinogen into pepsin which degrades proteins

109
Q

what ion passes through the transport proteins on the basal surface of the parietal cell, which then lmove down the concentration gradient to the lumen of the stomach?

A

Cl

110
Q

What gets exchanged for chloride through the transport proteins on the basal surface of the parietal cell?

A

bicarbonate, which then moves into the interstitial space and into the blood

111
Q

what are the three things that will bind to receptors and increase the secretion of a parietal cell

A

gastrin, histamine and acetylcholine (PNS)

112
Q

what are the two substances that inhibit the secretion of a parietal cell?

A

somatostatin and prostaglandins

113
Q

what two functions do prostaglandins have in the stomach

A

inhibit secretion of the parietal cell and increase mucus production and blood flow when repair to the mucosa is needed

114
Q

how much chyme is moved from the stomach to the duodenum at a time?

A

approx 2-3 teaspoons at a time

115
Q

what happens to salivary amylases in the stomach?

A

they are deactivated

116
Q

where are most nutrients absorbed?

A

in the small intestines

117
Q

what gets absorbed in the stomach?

A

water, ions, short chain fatty acids and some drugs and alcohol

118
Q

what response is triggered with the thought or smell of yummy food? what is this response mediated by and by what nerve does it act?

A
  • cephalic phase of gastric secretion and motility
  • hypothalamus
  • vagus nerve
119
Q

what phase is the smooth muscle of the stomach stretched and therefore contact?

A

gastric phase

120
Q

what hormone is released in the gastric phase

A

gastrin

121
Q

what hormones decrease the activity of the stomach once the chyme moves into the duodenum?

A

secretin and cholecystokinin

122
Q

how long does gastric emptying take?

A

2-4 hours

123
Q

in what order do the macromolecules move from fastest to slowest?

A

carbs, proteins, lipids

124
Q

what are the three parts of the pancreas and where does it sit in the body?

A

head, body, tail

retroperitoneal

125
Q

what are the majority of the cells in the pancreas? What do they secrete

A

acinar,

digestive enzymes

126
Q

what are the endocrine and exocrine secretions of the pancreas?

A

endo: insulin and glucagon
exo: gastric enzymes

127
Q

what are the structures that make the pancreas a endocrine gland?

A

islets of Langerhan

128
Q

what two ducts empty into the duodenum at the same place?

A

the common bile duct

the main pancreatic duct (Wirsung)

129
Q

what is the region called in which the common bile ducts and the main pancreatic duct (Wirsung) enter the duodenum? (what’s it’s common name and the sphincter that lives there)

A 
hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)
sphincter of Oddi
130
Q

is the pancreatic juice (and thus the small intestines) alkaline or acidic?

A

alkaline

131
Q

what enzyme digests carbohydrates? lipids?

A

amylase

lipase

132
Q

what four enzymes digest proteins?

A

trypsin, chumotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase

133
Q

what hormone is made in the small intestine that stimulates the production and secretion of pancreatic enzymes?

A

cholecystokinin

134
Q

what hormone stimulates the production of alkaline pancreatic juice?

A

secretin

135
Q

what do brush boarder enzymes do to trypsinogen?

A

activates it to trypsin; which can then activate other protein-digesting enzymes to their active state

136
Q

what is the heaviest gland in the body?

A

the liver (3 lbs)

137
Q

how is the liver held in place?

A
  • attached to the anterior abd wall by the falciform ligament
  • suspended from the diaphragm by the coronary ligament
138
Q

how many (major) lobes does the liver have?

A

2

139
Q

which lobe has two smaller lobes and what are they called?

A

left lobe, caudate and quadrate lobes

140
Q

what is the remnant of the fetal vessel (shunt) that is on the underside of the liver?

A

ligamentum teres (remnant of ductus venosus)

141
Q

which organ is a pear shaped sac that is suspended from the inferior side of the liver

A

gallbladder

142
Q

what does the gallbladder store? What is absorbed through the gallbladder

A

bile, water and electrolytes are absorbed through the mucosa

143
Q

what are the folds in the GB?

A

rugae

144
Q

what is the name of the duct that comes off of the GB and is part of the billiary tree?

A

cystic duct

145
Q

what are liver cells called?

A

hepatocytes

146
Q

what are the blood vessels in the interior of the lobules of the liver called

A

sinusoids

147
Q

what three vessels are in a portal triad?

A

portal arteriole, portal venule, bile duct

148
Q

how many sides does a hepatocyte have and what % of the liver is hepatocytes?

A

5-12 sides, 80%

149
Q

bile is made in the hepatocyte and released into what small biliary vessel?

A

caniliculi

150
Q

bile travels out to the _____. What is this structure’s duct called?

A

portal triad, bile duct of portal triad

151
Q

ultimately all of the billiary vessels from the right lobe of the liver merge and form the ….

A

right hepatic duct

152
Q

ultimately all of the billiary vessels from the left lobe of the liver merge and form the ….

A

left hepatic duct

153
Q

the left and right hepatic ducts merge to form the…

A

common hepatic duct

154
Q

the common hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct from the GB to form the….

A

common bile duct

155
Q

where does the common bile duct empty, and through what?

A

it empties into the duodenum at the ampulla of vater and the sphincter of Oddi

156
Q

what does bile do?

A

emulsifies fat

157
Q

how does bile emulsify fat?

A

breaking down large fat globules into smaller fat globules which can then be enzymatically degraded by pancreatic lipase

158
Q

what are the macrophages in the liver called?

A

Kupffer cells

159
Q

what is the hepatic acinus therory?

A

describes the zones created when the oval shaped area of two adjacent lobules are viewed. Inc portal triads and a line connecting the two central veins

160
Q

where is zone 1 in the liver?

A

hepatocytes

161
Q

what is special about the hepatocytes in zone 1? (4 “firsts” and 1 “last”)

A

they are the LAST to show signs of ischemia, first to convert glucose to glycogen, they are the first to regenerate after injury, they are the first to show the effect of toxins and biliary obstruction

162
Q

where are the hepatocytes in zone 3 in relation to the branches of the portal triad?

A

they are the furthest away

163
Q

what is special about the hepatocytes in zone 3? (2 “1st”s and 3 “lasts”)

A

“1st”: show effects of ischemia, accumulate lipids

“last”: to show damange d/t biliary obstruction/ toxins, to regenerate

164
Q

what is the first branch off of the aorta below the diaphragm and and at what spinal cord level?

A

celiac, T12

165
Q

what are the three major branched off of the celiac trunk?

A

left gastric artery, splenic artery and common hepatic artery

166
Q

what is the smallest branch of the celiac trunk?

A

the left gastric artery

167
Q

the left gastric artery branches to supply blood to which two structures?

A

esophagus and the lesser curvature of the stomach

168
Q

what is the largest branch of the cephalic trunk? it travels to the left along side which organ?

A

splenic artery, pancreas

169
Q

the splenic artery provides blood supply to which four organs/parts of organs

A

pancreas, greater curvature of the stomach, fundus of stomach, and the spleen (where it terminates)

170
Q

what are the branches of the hepatic artery?

A

proper hepatic, right gastric artery, gastroduodenal artery

171
Q

the common/proper hepatic arteries terminate where, and in what structure?

A

portal arteriole in the portal triad (carrying oxygenated blood)

172
Q

what system drains the nutrients and oral meds from the GI tract and spleen?

A

portal venous system

173
Q

which veins unite to form the hepatic portal vein before entering the liver?

A

superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

174
Q

the branches of the hepatic portal vein ultimately terminate at the portal triad as the…. (is this blood oxygenated or not).

A

portal venule, deoxygenated

175
Q

where does the hepatic portal system drain blood from? (6 organs)

A

esophagus, stomach, pancreas, spleen, sm intestines, lg intestines

176
Q

the blood entering the liver lobule via the portal arteriole and portal venule travels towards what?

A

centrally towards the central vein

177
Q

blood draining from the liver via the central veins enters the 2-3 hepatic veins which ultimately drain into what vessel?

A

inferior vena cava and then into he right atrium of the heart

178
Q

bile is a yellowish-brown liquid made by which organ and stored where?

A

made by liver, stored in the GB

179
Q

bile contains what to emulsify lipids?

A

bile salts

180
Q

what are the constituents of bile? (7)

A

bile salts, water, ions, cholesterol, bile acids, lecithin and bile pigements

181
Q

what is the hormone that results in the contraction of the GB and release of bile via the cystic duct into the common bile duct?

A

cholecystokinin

182
Q

what are the roles of the liver in relation to carbohydrate metabolism? (2)

A

formation and degradation of glycogen, gluconeogenesis

183
Q

what are the roles of the liver in relation to proteins? (~3)

A

deamination of proteins, conversion of ammonia to urea and synthesis of the proteins: albumin, globulins, prothrombin and fibrinogen

184
Q

what are the roles of the liver related to lipids? (5)

A

bile salts for the emulsification of lipids in the small intestines, formation of LDL transporters, storage of triglycerides, breakdown of triglycerides and synthesis of cholesterol

185
Q

the role of the liver related to drugs

A

enzymatic conversion of drugs to other chemical forms

186
Q

the role of the liver in relation to homeostasis

A

synthesis of many coagulation proteins and thrombopoietin for platelet production

187
Q

the liver contains enzymes that convert bilirubin into (2)

A

stercobilin and urobilinogen

188
Q

what does the liver store? (3)

A

glycogen, vitamins and minerals

189
Q

the liver is one of the three organs required for the synthesis of what vitamin? What are the other 2 organs?

A

D; skin and kidney

190
Q

what is the role of vitamin D?

A

works as a hormone to ensure the normal level of calcium

A&P Q2 T3 (4 decks)

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