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Respiratory > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Larynx and above

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2
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea and below

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3
Q

What level of bronchus division for each bronchial segment?

A

Tertiary bronchi

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4
Q

In which primary bronchus are aspirated foreign bodies more common and why?

A

Right. More vertical direction than left, foreign bodies more likely to enter it

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5
Q

Two types of pneumocytes at alveoli and function

A

Type 1- majority of alveoli, gas exchange

Type 2- produces surfactant

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6
Q

Purpose of surfactant

A

Reduces surface tension, increases lung compliance

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7
Q

Lung volume

A

6000ml

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8
Q

Tidal volume

A

500ml

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9
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

1100ml

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10
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

3000ml

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11
Q

Residual volume

A

1200ml

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12
Q

Function of intrapleural fluid

A

Prevents friction, holds lungs to ribcage and diaphragm so they expand

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13
Q

Muscles of inspiration

A

External intercostals and diaphragm at rest

+sternocleidomastoids and scalenes on exertion

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14
Q

Muscles of expiration

A

Passive at rest

internal intercostals and abdominals on exertion

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15
Q

Compliance definition and is high or low good

A

Change in volume relative to change in pressure
HIGH= good
LOW= bad

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16
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen

A

100mmHg (13.3kPa)

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17
Q

Partial pressure of CO2

A

40mmHg (5.3kPa)

18
Q

How does alveolar ventilation vary throughout the lung

A

Decreases with height from base to apex due to changes in compliance (highest at base, lowest at apex)

19
Q

What is value for FEV1/FVC in health?

A

around 80%

20
Q

Effect of obstructive disease on FEV1/FVC ratio

A

reduced

21
Q

Effect of restrictive disease on FEV1/FVC ratio

A

stays same, may even increase

22
Q

Where in lung is blood flow greater than ventilation and vice versa?

A

Blood flow higher at base
Ventilation higher at apex
(BLOOD FLOW AND VENTILATION BOTH HIGHER AT BASE THAN APEX, THIS IS COMPARATIVE DIFFERENCE)

23
Q

Autoregulation effects when blood flow is greater than ventilation

A

Blood vessels around poorly ventilated alveoli constrict
Diverts blood to better ventilated alveoli
Bronchioles dilate to increase ventilation

24
Q

Autoregulation effects when ventilation is greater than blood flow

A

Blood vessels dilate to increase perfusion

Bronchioles constrict to reduce ventilation

25
Q

Shunt definition

A

Passage of blood through areas of lung that are poorly ventilated

26
Q

Alveolar dead space

A

Alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused (opposite of shunt)

27
Q

Oxygen transport in blood

A

3ml dissolved per litre in plasma

197ml bound to haemoglobin per litre

28
Q

CO2 transport in blood

A

77% transported in solution in plasma

23% within haemoglobin

29
Q

Why does anaemia not affect PO2

A

RBCs will still be saturated as partial pressure is normal (still less RBCs)

30
Q

Types of haemoglobin

A

HbA (normal)- 92%
HbA2
HbF
glycosylated Hb

31
Q

Types of hypoxia

A 
Hypoxaemic 
Anaemic
Stagnant
Histotoxic
Metabolic
32
Q

Hypoxaemic hypoxia

A

Most common. Reduction in oxygen diffusion at lungs

33
Q

Anaemic hypoxia

A

Reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to anaemia

34
Q

Stagnant hypoxia

A

Heart disease results in inefficient pumping of blood to lungs/around body

35
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia

A

Poisoning prevents cells utilising oxygen delivered to them (e.g. carbon monoxide/cyanide)

36
Q

Metabolic hypoxia

A

Oxygen delivery to tissues doesn’t meet increased demand by cells

37
Q

2 classes of chemoreceptors

A

Central and peripheral

38
Q

Central chemoreceptors location and function

A 
In medulla
Detect changes in [H+] in CSF around brain
Increase ventilation (increased [H+] caused by raised PCO2)
39
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors location and function

A

In carotid and aortic bodies
Detect changes in arterial PO2 and [H+]
Cause stimulation of ventilation in response to significant fall in arterial PO2 (not oxygen content) or increased [H+] from any origin

40
Q

Barbiturates and opioids effect on ventilatory control

A

Depress respiratory centres in brain
Decreases sensitivity to pH so response to PCO2 decreases
Decreases peripheral chemoreceptor response to changes in PO2

41
Q

Nitrous Oxide effects on ventilatory control

A

Blunts peripheral chemoreceptor response to decreased PaO2

42
Q

What term describes the maximum volume of air that can be voluntarily exhaled following a maximum inspiration?

A

Vital Capacity

Respiratory (6 decks)

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