Neoplasia and Pleural Disease Flashcards
5 year survival rate of lung cancer in Scotland
around 10%
Percentage of lung cancers attributable to tobacco
> 85%
Percentage of smokers who will get lung cancer
around 10%
4 main primary lung cancers (carcinomas)
Adenocarcinoma (41%)
Squamous cell carcinoma (40%)
Small cell carcinoma (15%)
Large cell carcinoma (4%)
Worst prognosis of 4 main types of primary lung cancer
Small cell carcinoma usually worst
2 types of lung cancer staging
TNM and performance staging (0-4)
What does TNM staging stand for
T-primary tumour
N-nodes
M-distant metastasis
(study notes for more specific divisions of each)
Explain performance status (0-4)
0=fully active 1= symptoms but relatively well/active 2='up and about' > 50% of the time 3='up and about' < 50% of the time 4= chair/bed bound
Percentage of lung cancer patients fit for surgery
around 10%
What progresses quicker: small cell or non-small cell lung cancer?
Small cell
Pleural effusion definition
Collection of fluid in pleural space
Difference between transudate and exudate
Transudate is non-inflammatory
Exudate is inflammatory
Light’s criteria for defining effusion as exudate
Any of the following and effusion is exudative:
Protein: pleural fluid to serum fluid ratio >0.5
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): pleural fluid to serum fluid ratio >0.6
Pleural fluid LDH >2/3 of normal serum LDH
Causes of transudates
LV failure
Liver cirrhosis
Peritoneal dialysis
Hypothyroidism
Causes of exudates
Malignancy
Parapneumonic effusions, empyema
TB
Pulmonary embolism
Categories of pneumothorax
Primary spontaneous Secondary spontaneous Traumatic Iatrogenic Tension
Clinical presentation of pneumothorax
Fast breathing (tachypnoea)
Hypoxic
Tachycardic
Reduced chest movement and breathing sounds
