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Respiratory system > Respiratory physiology 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange, protection from infection, communication, acid -base balance

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2
Q

What is the term used for the movement of gases between body and air?

A

External respiration

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3
Q

External respiration consists of 4 processes, what are they?

A

Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and lungs, exchange between lungs and blood, transport of gas, exchange between blood and tissues.

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4
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood with CO2 to the lungs where it picks up O2 and get rid of CO2 and then carry the oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart.

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5
Q

Describe pulmonary artery.

A

It is an artery that carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs. The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood. Starts as pulmonary trunk and divides into right and left pulmonary artery.

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6
Q

Describe pulmonary vien.

A

It is a vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the left atrium, the only vein that has oxygenated blood.

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7
Q

What are the colours of the blood?

A

Arterial blood is bright red, venous blood is purple.

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8
Q

What is systemic circulation ?

A

Circulation that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues and deoxygenated blood away from the tissues to the heart.. Its role is to deliver O2 and nutrients to the tissue and get rid of CO2 produced by tissues.

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9
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

Alveoli and capillaries.

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10
Q

What is the net exchange of O2 and CO2?

A

At steady state the net exchange of O2 is equal to the one at tissues. Same is true for CO2. Demand= supply

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11
Q

What is the average volume of O2 and CO2 exchanged per minute?

A

250 ml of O2 and 200 ml of CO2

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12
Q

What is the respiratory rate at rest and at maximum exercise?

A

12 -20 breaths at rest and 40-45 at maximum exercise

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13
Q

What is the role of nose in respiration?

A

It has muco-ciliated epithelium. It filters the air, humidifies it so that it reaches 100% humidity and warms the air to the body temperature. Mouth is much less effective.

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14
Q

Which passage connects nose and mouth?

A

Pharynx, common passage for food, liquids and air

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15
Q

Where are the vocal cords?

A

In the voice box in the larynx

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16
Q

What forms upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx

17
Q

What forms lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Thoracic portion.

18
Q

Describe right lung.

A

It has three lobes. Superior, middle and inferior lobe. They are formed by horizontal and oblique fissure. It is shorter and broader due to liver.

19
Q

Describe left lung.

A

It has two lobes, inferior and superior lobe separated by oblique fissure. It also has cardiac notch and lingula

20
Q

Describe pleural cavity.

A

It is formed by parietal and visceral membrane. The cavity contains 3ml of fluid. The membranes are continuous with each other. However, right and left pleural cavities are formed.

21
Q

Describe the epithelium of respiratory tract.

A

It is pseudo stratified, consists of goblet cells and columnar ciliated cells. The goblet cells secrete mucus and saline solution, mucus on the top. Mucus is moved upwards by the escalatory action of beating cilia.

22
Q

Where do aspirated objects commonly lodge?

A

Right main bronchus, the angle is more vertical.

23
Q

Which structures have C shaped hyaline cartilage?

A

Trachea, primary bronchi and larynx. Secondary bronchi have cartilaginous plates.

24
Q

Which structures do not have any cartilage?

A

Bronchioles and alveoli.

25
Q

Where is the most resistance to the air flow?

A

Most resistance occurs at the upper part despite larger diameter, this is due to smaller total cross sectional area than the other structures.

26
Q

Which parts contribute to the resistance the most?

A

Trachea and bronchi as they have the least variation in diameter.

27
Q

Where is the biggest alteration in diameter?

A

Bronchioles, have wall made of smooth muscles.

28
Q

How many more times bronchus branches?

A

22 times

29
Q

Describe the airway diameter

A

It is dynamic, contraction decreases the diameter, relaxation increases the diameter. Under control of both parasympathetic and sympathetic system. Constriction -ACh, histamine dilation -adrenaline and CO2

30
Q

What controls the diameter of the airways ?

A

Nervous system, hormones and local factors

31
Q

Describe alveoli.

A

Their wall is composed of one celled thick epithelium. It consists of type I alveolar cells (very thin, gas exchange, 95% of alveolar area) and type II (produce surfactants). alveoli are covered by network of capillaries and elastic fibres. Has macrophages destroying pathogens.

32
Q

Where do the macrophages from alveoli of to?

A

They are either moved up by the muco-ciliary escalator or go to the lymph and lymph nodes.

33
Q

What is the role of surfactants?

A

They are phospholipoproteins that reduce the surface tension in alveoli formed by interphase between water and gas. Therefore they reduce work for breathing.

34
Q

What is the surface area and volume of the lungs?

A

Lungs have surface area of 80m2 and volume of 3L.

35
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Air in conducting airways as it cannot participate in gas exchange.

36
Q

Describe the respiratory epithelium.

A

It consists of speudostratified ciliated columnar cells with goblet cells, it has glands, lymph nodes and blood vessels.

37
Q

Role of mucus

A

It is produced by Gobet cells and sub-epithelial glands, it humidifies the air, trap particles and provides large surface area for the cilia to work on.

38
Q

What happens to the epithelium from nose to alveoli?

A

It gets more squamous and less columnar, mucous cells lost first and then loss of ciliated cells.

Respiratory system (22 decks)

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