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Respiratory system > Control of respiration > Flashcards

Control of respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the innervation to skeletal muscles of inspiration?

A

alpha motor neurones

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2
Q

What innervates diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve C3 -C5

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3
Q

What innervates intercostal muscles?

A

Intercostal nerves

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4
Q

What controls respiration?

A

voluntary and subconscious control, entirely depending on the signalling from brain

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5
Q

Where are the respiratory control centres located?

A

In pons and medulla oblongata

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6
Q

Is it posible to beat without functioning intercostal muscles?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Is it possible to breath without functioning diaphragm?

A

No

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8
Q

What are the two respiratory groups in medulla?

A

dorsal and ventral respiratory group

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9
Q

What is controlled by the dorsal respiratory group?

A

inspiratory muscles

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10
Q

What is controlled by ventral group?

A

Some inspiratory, but mainly expiratory muscles, larynges and tongue

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11
Q

How is automatic rhythm of breathing set?

A

By firing of smooth and repetitive action potentials from dorsal respiratory group, there is some tone of signalling even during expiration to allow smooth expiration

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12
Q

What is the role of ventral respiratory group?

A

Sends signals to keep the airway open

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13
Q

What affects the pattern of respiration?

A

Emotions (via limbic system), voluntary override via higher centres and machine-sensory inputs

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14
Q

What includes mechano-sensory input?

A

Stretch reflex to prevent overinflation of lungs and chemical composition of blood e.i. pH, PO2 and PCO2

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15
Q

What has the most effect on the respiratory pattern?

A

The PCO2

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16
Q

What are the two types of chemoreceptors?

A

central and peripheral chemoreceptors

17
Q

Describe central chemoreceptors

A

They are located int he medulla and respond to the H+ion concentration change in cerebrospinal fluid which is mostly caused by CO2, therefore they detect CO2 levels indirectly, it is primary ventilation drive

18
Q

What is primary ventilation drive ?

A

The PCO2 detected by central chemoreceptors

19
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

In carotid artery (most sensitive) and aortic bodies

20
Q

What do peripheral receptors detect?

A

They detect the plasma PO2, PCO2 (less sensitive than central) and pH

21
Q

What causes secondary ventilation drive ?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

22
Q

What causes increased PCO2?

A

It stimulates the respiratory centres to increase the respiratory frequency and depth of breathing

23
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

Increased levels of CO2 in blood

24
Q

Is blood brain barrier permeable to H+ ions and CO2?

A

Blood brain barrier is impermeable to H+ ions, but it is permeable to gases such as CO2

25
Q

What is hypoxic drive?

A

When the body uses PO2 receptors rather than PCO2 receptors to regulate respiration

26
Q

What causes hypoxic drive ?

A

Patiens with lung pathology become desensitised to CO2 as they have permanently increased levels

27
Q

What is the name of respiratory drive in health people ?

A

Hypercapnic drive

28
Q

When can PO2 alter the respiratory rate in health people?

A

When the PO2 falls below 60 mmHg

29
Q

Is the respiratory rate affected in anaemic patients?

A

No, they have normal PO2 levels

30
Q

What happens if plasma pH falls?

A

The respiratory rate and depth increase

31
Q

What happens in pH increases?

A

The ventilation is inhibited

32
Q

What can cause metabolic alkalosis?

A

prolonged vomiting

33
Q

What can cause metabolic acidosis?

A

Production of metabolic acids

34
Q

How can voluntary action control respiration?

A

Via descending neural pathway, allows large degree of control, but it cannot override chemoreceptors

35
Q

What are the effects of opioids and barbiturates?

A

they depress the respiratory centre

36
Q

What is the effect of anaesthetics?

A

Increase respiratory rate but decrease tidal volume

37
Q

What is the effect on NO?

A

It desensitises peripheral receptos to PO2, it can be problem with patients on hypoxic drive, administering O2 makes the station worse

38
Q

What happens during swallowing?

A

The respiration is inhibited, swallowing is followed by expiration in order to get rid of any possible dislodged objects

39
Q

What is normal respiratory rate?

A

12-20 breaths per minute

Respiratory system (22 decks)

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