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Respiratory system > Respiratory anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is thoracic wall made of ?

A

sternum, vertebra T1-T12, ribs 1-12

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2
Q

What is thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

Compression brachial plexus, subclavian artery and vein

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3
Q

What is the thoracic inlet made of?

A

T1, 2 first ribs, superior border of manubrium

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4
Q

What is sternum?

A

Manubrium, body of sternum, xiphoid process

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5
Q

What is the superior border of manubrium called?

A

Jugular notch

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6
Q

At what vertebral level is the sternal angle located?

A

T4

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7
Q

What is located on the sternal angle?

A

The facets for 2nd costal cartilages

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8
Q

At what vertebral angle of xiphoid process located?

A

T10, xiphoid joint is located at T9

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9
Q

How are ribs 3-9 called?

A

Typical ribs

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10
Q

Name the parts of the typical ribs?

A

Head, neck, tubercle, angle, costal groove, rounded superior border and sharp inferior border, pit for costal cartilage

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11
Q

Describe costovertebral joints

A

Head of the ribs articulates demi-facets of the thoracic vertebra, at the same levels and one level above, they are synovial plane joints

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12
Q

Describe costotransverse joints

A

tubercle of the ribs articulates with the costal facets on the transverse processes

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13
Q

Describe the ligaments in these joints

A

lateral costotransverse ligaments (between ribs and transverse processes at the same level), superior costotransverse ligaments (ribs and transverse processes above), interarticular ligaments (between the two vertebra articulating with one rib), radiate ligaments (radiating from the rib to vertebra)

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14
Q

What are true ribs?

A

vertebrosternal ribs, rib 1-7, directly attached to sternum

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15
Q

What are false ribs?

A

vertebrochondral 8-10, they attach to sternum indirectly

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16
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

ribs 11 and 12, they are not attached to sternum at all

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17
Q

What are the most frequently broken ribs?

A

5-10 as they are the most exposed, fractured ribs can result in pneumothorax, dyspnoea

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18
Q

Are ribs levelled with the spinous processes?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What does first rib articulates with?

A

one vertebra and clavicle

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20
Q

Name the parts of first vertebra

A

head, neck, tubercle, scalene arteries tubercle between subclavian artery groove and subclavian vein groove

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21
Q

What is attached to the tubercle of first rib?

A

anterior scalene muscle

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22
Q

What is the position of subclavian artery and vein?

A

anterior is vein, posterior artery

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23
Q

What happens if additional rib develops from C7?

A

compress brachial plexus, this results in parathesia and wasting of muscles in the hand

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24
Q

What does thoracic outlet consist of?

A

T12, 11 and 12 ribs, costal cartilage 7-10, xiphisternal joint

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25
Q

What is costal margin ?

A

Costal margins from cartilages 7-10

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26
Q

Where does the thoracic duct begin ?

A

L1 at cisterna chill, at T4 crosses from right to left

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27
Q

What is in the intercostal space?

A

3 layers of muscle (external, internal and innermost intercostal muscle) and neuromuscular bundle between the internal and innermost layer, it is located below the first rib in the costal groove, vein, artery and nerve from top to bottom, colateral branch at the top of the bottom rib

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28
Q

What is the orientation of muscle fibres in intercostal space?

A

external is inferior -anterior, internal and innermost are inferior -posterior

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29
Q

What are the layers of the skin that needs to be cut when inserting chest drain?

A

skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, external, internal, innermost intercostal muscle, parietal membrane to pleural cavity

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30
Q

What is external intercostal membrane?

A

Membrane between costosternal joint and external intercostal muscles

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31
Q

What is internal intercostal membrane?

A

Membrane between costovertebral joint and internal intercostal muscle

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32
Q

The innermost intercostal muscle fills only central position, what is the rest?

A

Subcostalis muscle posteriorly and transversus thoracic muscle anteriorly

33
Q

Which organs are not drained by lymphatics ?

A

Eye, inner ear, spinal cord, cartilage, brain

34
Q

Name the main groups of lymph nodes

A

superficial and deep cervical, axillary, pectoral, tracheobronchial, lumbar/pelvic, superficial and deep inguinal

35
Q

Where is the glandular part of the breast located?

A

Between ribs 2-6 and between the lateral border of sternum and the mid-axillary line, it is divided into 16-20 lobes and smaller lobules and is surrounded by adipose tissue

36
Q

Where does the axillary tail of the breast extends to?

A

Superolaterally to penetrate the floor of the axilla

37
Q

What is the role of diaphragm?

A

It is main inspiratory muscle, assist in raising intra-abdominal pressure when coughing, vomiting and defaecation

38
Q

Which dome of diaphragm is higher and why?

A

Right dome due to large size of liver

39
Q

What are the 3 peripheral attachments of the diaphragm ?

A

To the thoracic vertebra (right crura L1-L3, left crura L1 and L2), costal cartilages 7-12 and xiphoid process

40
Q

What is the central attachment of the diaphragm?

A

One central tendon, 3 leaf clover shape is formed

41
Q

What is the shape of the diaphragm?

A

3 leaf clover

42
Q

How many major hiatuses are there in the diaphragm?

A

3

43
Q

What does pass through the hiatus at level T8?

A

Inferior vene cava and right phrenic nerve, in the central tendon

44
Q

What does pass though hiatus at level T10?

A

oesophagus and both vagus nerves, in the muscular part of right crus

45
Q

What does pass through hiatus at level T12 ?

A

Aorta, hemiazygous veins, thoracic duct, between left and right crura

46
Q

What is hiatal hernia?

A

protrusion of structures through diaphragm

47
Q

What do azygos veins drain?

A

Posterior intercostal veins on the right side of the body

48
Q

What do hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos vein drain?

A

Posterior intercostal viens on the left side of body

49
Q

What does phrenic nerve innervates?

A

pericardium, pleura and inferior surface of diaphragm

50
Q

What type of nerve fibres are there in phrenic nerve ?

A

Motor (muscles) and sensory nerve fibres (central tendon), sympathetic

51
Q

What other nerves innervate diaphragm?

A

Lower intercostal nerves innervates peripheral parts of the diaphragm

52
Q

What is quadriplegia?

A

Paralysis of all 4 limbs, caused by injury below phrenic nerve, breathing still occurs

53
Q

Describe the position of vagus nerve

A

It is more thick and medial, lies on the oesophagus, posterior to the hilum of lungs

54
Q

What nerve fibres are there in vagus nerve ?

A

motor, sensory and parasympathetic

55
Q

What is the relative position of the trachea and oesophagus?

A

trachea is anterior to oesophagus

56
Q

What is role of larynx?

A

Produces sound from expired air and protects the inlet to the respiratory system

57
Q

Describe the anatomy of the larynx

A

It is attached to hyoid bone anteriorly at C2/C3, third membrane C4, laryngeal prominence C5, cricoid cartilage C6

58
Q

What is the innervation of larynx?

A

It is innervated by motor and sensory neurones, by vagus nerve

59
Q

What is laryngeal prominence made of?

A

thyroid cartilage

60
Q

Describe the innervation of lower respiratory tract

A

motor though sympathetic fibres from upper spinal nerves, parasympathetic from vagus nerve, sensory from both sympathetic and parasympathetic

61
Q

Describe the anatomy of trachea

A

It stars at C6 and bifurcates at T4 level

62
Q

How many cartilage rings are there in trachea?

A

15-20

63
Q

What is the name of final tracheal cartilage ?

A

carina

64
Q

What is the name of the muscle that completes the C shaped cartilaginous ring?

A

Trachealis muscle

65
Q

What is the role of tracheal muscle?

A

Increases pressure during coughing, enables flexibility during swallowing

66
Q

What is the name of the arteries that are lateral to the trachea?

A

Common carotid arteries

67
Q

Where does inhaled objects commonly lodge?

A

It right main bronchus, it is wider and more vertical

68
Q

What blood vessels branch over left main bronchus?

A

Left pulmonary artery and aorta

69
Q

What are the names of the two right bronchi that arise form right main bronchus?

A

Eparterial (superior lobar) and hyperterial bronchus

70
Q

Describe the tracheobronchial tree

A

trachea, main bronchus, lobar bronchus (2 on L, 3 on R), segmental bronchus, conducting bronchiole, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac and alveolus

71
Q

What is bronchopumoanry segment?

A

functional unit of lungs, part of lungs supplied by tertiary bronchus, there are 10 segments in the right and 8 or 9 segments in the left lung

72
Q

What are tracheobronchial lymph nodes ?

A

Nodes between the two main bronchi that drain trachea, bronchi and lungs

73
Q

What are bronchomediastinal lymph nodes?

A

Lymph nodes in the hilum of lungs

74
Q

Name the borders of lungs

A

anterior, posterior and inferior (base)

75
Q

Name the surfaces on lungs

A

Costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal

76
Q

Name the lobes in lungs

A

Right lung has 3 lobes, superior, inferior and middle, left lung has 2 lobes, superior and inferior

77
Q

Which figure forms superior and inferior lobe ?

A

Oblique

78
Q

Which fissure forms inferior and middle lobe?

A

Horizontal

Respiratory system (22 decks)

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