Respiratory Pathophysiology Flashcards
Respiratory Acidosis
-excess CO2, low pH
Causes:
-CNS depression
-ashyxia/hypoventilation
Compensation:
-high HCO3-
S/S:
-sweating, headache, tacycardia, restlessness
Respiratory Alkalosis
-low CO2 (excretion), high pH
Causes:
-hyperventilation
-respiratory stimulation
-bacteria
Comensation:
-low HCO3-
S/S:
-rapid breathing, parasthesia, light headedness, twitching
Metabolic Alkalosis
-HCO3- retention (acid loss), high pH
Causes:
-renal disease
-vomiting
-decreased K
Compensation:
-high CO2
S/s:
-shallow breathing, confusion, twitching, restlessness
Metabolic Acidosis
-HCO3- loss (excretion), low pH
Causes:
-kidney disease
-hepatic disease
-endocrine disorders
-high K
Compensation:
-low CO2
S/s:
-rapid breathing (kuzmals), fatigue, fruity breath, headache
Acid Base Values
-pH, PaCO2, HCO3
Ventilation Values
-PaCO2
Oxygenation Values
-PaO2, SaO2, Hbg
Evaluate ABG Results
- pH
-high= alkalosis
-Low= acidosis - CO2
-high: resp acidosis (with low pH)
-low: res alkalosis (with high pH) - HCO3
-high: metabolic alkalosis (with high pH)
-low: metabolic acidosis (with low pH) - Compensatory
ABG Short Cut
Metabolic: look @ pH and HCO3- same (look at co2 for compensations-must be same)
Respiratory: look @ pH and CO2-different (look at HCO3 for compensations-must be same as CO2)
Obstructive Disorders
-airway obstruction, reduce flow rates
-asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis
-FEV1/FVC= <70%
Restrictive Disorders
-reduction in vital capacity
-pulmonary or neuro
Acute:
-atelectasis, pneumothorax, pneumonias, respiratory distress syndrome, Pleural effusion, ascities, LVAD
Chronic:
-BPD, pulmonary fibrosis, SLE, scleroderma, cancer, skeletal issues, neuromuscular issues
GOLD COPD Scale
1-4
-Mild (FEV1 >80)
-Moderate (FEV1 50-80)
-Severe (FEV1 30-50)
-Very Severe (FEV1 <30)
or number x exacerbation history A-D
Asthma
-Obstructive
-bronchospasm/increased thickness and airway narrowing due to increased irritants
Irritants: allergens and enviornment or exercise
Brochiectasis
-obstructive
-dilation of bronchial walls due to scar tisue or stretched from coughing
-reain secretions
Atelectasis
-most common restrictive
-partial collapse of alveoli
Microatelectasis: alveolar collapse
Obstructive Atelectasis: occluded bronochus
Causes:
-inadequate pressure, chest wall deformity