Respiratory Pathophysiology

Question 1

Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 1

-excess CO2, low pH

Causes:
-CNS depression
-ashyxia/hypoventilation

Compensation:
-high HCO3-

S/S:
-sweating, headache, tacycardia, restlessness

Question 2

Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 2

-low CO2 (excretion), high pH

Causes:
-hyperventilation
-respiratory stimulation
-bacteria

Comensation:
-low HCO3-

S/S:
-rapid breathing, parasthesia, light headedness, twitching

Question 3

Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 3

-HCO3- retention (acid loss), high pH

Causes:
-renal disease
-vomiting
-decreased K

Compensation:
-high CO2

S/s:
-shallow breathing, confusion, twitching, restlessness

Question 4

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 4

-HCO3- loss (excretion), low pH

Causes:
-kidney disease
-hepatic disease
-endocrine disorders
-high K

Compensation:
-low CO2

S/s:
-rapid breathing (kuzmals), fatigue, fruity breath, headache

Question 5

Acid Base Values

Answer 5

-pH, PaCO2, HCO3

Question 6

Ventilation Values

Answer 6

-PaCO2

Question 7

Oxygenation Values

Answer 7

-PaO2, SaO2, Hbg

Question 8

Evaluate ABG Results

Answer 8

1. pH
   -high= alkalosis
   -Low= acidosis
2. CO2
   -high: resp acidosis (with low pH)
   -low: res alkalosis (with high pH)
3. HCO3
   -high: metabolic alkalosis (with high pH)
   -low: metabolic acidosis (with low pH)
4. Compensatory

Question 9

ABG Short Cut

Answer 9

Metabolic: look @ pH and HCO3- same (look at co2 for compensations-must be same)

Respiratory: look @ pH and CO2-different (look at HCO3 for compensations-must be same as CO2)

Question 10

Obstructive Disorders

Answer 10

-airway obstruction, reduce flow rates
-asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis
-FEV1/FVC= <70%

Question 11

Restrictive Disorders

Answer 11

-reduction in vital capacity
-pulmonary or neuro

Acute:
-atelectasis, pneumothorax, pneumonias, respiratory distress syndrome, Pleural effusion, ascities, LVAD

Chronic:
-BPD, pulmonary fibrosis, SLE, scleroderma, cancer, skeletal issues, neuromuscular issues

Question 12

GOLD COPD Scale

Answer 12

1-4
-Mild (FEV1 >80)
-Moderate (FEV1 50-80)
-Severe (FEV1 30-50)
-Very Severe (FEV1 <30)

or number x exacerbation history A-D

Question 13

Asthma

Answer 13

-Obstructive
-bronchospasm/increased thickness and airway narrowing due to increased irritants
Irritants: allergens and enviornment or exercise

Question 14

Brochiectasis

Answer 14

-obstructive
-dilation of bronchial walls due to scar tisue or stretched from coughing
-reain secretions

Question 15

Atelectasis

Answer 15

-most common restrictive
-partial collapse of alveoli

Microatelectasis: alveolar collapse
Obstructive Atelectasis: occluded bronochus

Causes:
-inadequate pressure, chest wall deformity

Question 16

Pneumonias

Answer 16

-restrictive
-bacterial, chemical, aspiration

Bronchial:
-infection
-little consolidation
-wet cough

Lobar:
-infection
-consolidation
-dry cough

Question 17

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Answer 17

-restrictive
-life threatening (multy system organ failure
-damage to alveoli cells
-fluffy look on xray

Causes:
-injury
-pneumonia
-embolism