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Veterinary Pathology > Respiratory Pathology > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Which structure(s) of the respiratory tract are part of the conducting zone?

A

Nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea and bronchi

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2
Q

Which structure(s) of the respiratory tract are part of the transitional zone?

A

Bronchioles

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3
Q

Which structure(s) of the respiratory tract are part of the exchange zone?

A

Alveoli

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4
Q

What are the 3 routes of invasion into the respiratory tract?

A
  1. Aerogenous (airways)
  2. Haematogenous (blood)
  3. Transcoelomic (direct)
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5
Q

When considering aerogenous invasion of a pathogen, larger particles are deposited ___, whereas smaller particles are deposited ___

A

Larger: above the larynx (higher)
Smaller: at the bronchiolar-alveolar junction (lower)

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6
Q

Which types of pathogens are more likely to adhere to and replicate in the upper respiratory tract before spreading?

A

Bacterial and viral pathogens

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7
Q

Where do haematogenous lesions tend to be located in the respiratory tract?

A

In the caudal lobes of the lung (however all lobes can be affected)

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8
Q

List 2 ways in which transcoelomic infection can occur

A
  1. Infection via the pleura or mediastinum
  2. Traumatic penetration (from chest wall, diaphragm, or esophagus)
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9
Q

Define epistaxis

A

Blood in the nasal discharge

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10
Q

Define hemoptysis

A

Blood in the saliva or sputum

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11
Q

Which two pathologies of the nasal cavities often occur together?

A

Rhinitis and sinusitis

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12
Q

List an example of a virus that can cause infectious rhinitis in cats

A

Feline viral rhinotracheitis

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13
Q

List an example of a virus that can cause infectious rhinitis in dogs

A

Canine distemper

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14
Q

List an example of a virus that can cause infectious rhinitis in cattle

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

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15
Q

List an example of a virus that can cause infectious rhinitis in pigs

A

Swine influenza

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16
Q

List an example of a virus that can cause infectious rhinitis in horses

A

Equine rhinovirus

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17
Q

List 3 complications that can occur with strangles

A
  1. Metastatic abscesses (bastard strangles)
  2. Guttural pouch empyema
  3. Purpura hemorrhagica
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18
Q

In which species do nasal polyps commonly occur with chronic rhinitis?

A

Horses, cats and sheep

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19
Q

Why are inflammatory diseases involving the pharynx, larynx and trachea of clinical importance? (2 reasons)

A
  1. They can obstruct airflow
  2. They can cause aspiration pneumonia
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20
Q

Why are cattle generally susceptible to the development of bronchiectasis?

A

Due to the combination of the complete lobular septation of their lungs and lack of collateral ventilation

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21
Q

Which bacterial rhinitis infections are NOT secondary to viral infections

A
  1. Atrophic rhinitis (pigs)
  2. Strangles (horses & dogs)
  3. Mycotic rhinitis (dogs & cats)
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22
Q

What are the 3 pathological characteristics of strangles?

A
  1. Suppurative rhinitis
  2. Pharyngitis
  3. Lymphadenitis
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23
Q

List 3 developments of chronic bronchitis

A
  1. Excess production of mucus (goblet cell hyperplasia)
  2. Squamous metaplasia
  3. Bronchiectasis
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24
Q

What characterizes infectious tracheobronchitis?

A

Persistent tracheobronchial inflammation

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25
Q

List 2 ways in which bronchiolitis can occur

A
  1. As an extension of bronchitis or concurrently with bronchitis and pneumonia
  2. As a distinct entity
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26
Q

Which pneumocytes are the most susceptible to injury

A

Type I

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27
Q

Define

Bronchiesctasis

A

Permanent saccular or cylindrical dilation of bronchi as a result of the accumulation of exudate within the lumen and partial rupture of bronchial walls

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28
Q

Explain the term alveolar epithelialisation

A

In severe forms of alveolar injury, repair will begin because of type II pneumocyte division. This process looks like a gland, and is thus called epithelialisation.

Another term for this is hyaline membranes

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29
Q

Define

Consolidation

A

Altered texture of the lung due to accumulation of exudates

30
Q

List the 6 classifications of pneumonia

A
  1. Suppurative bronchopneumonia
  2. Fibrinous bronchopneumonia
  3. Bronchointerstitial
  4. Interstitial
  5. Granulomatous
  6. Embolic
31
Q

Which classification of pneumonia is spread haematogenously only?

A

Embolic pneumonia

32
Q

List the cellular characteristics of suppurative bronchopneumonia

A

Neutrophils, cell debris and macrophages

33
Q

Where is inflammation focused in bronchopneumonia?

A

The bronchi, bronchioles and alveolar lumens

34
Q

What are the 2 consequences of suppurative bronchopneumonia?

A
  1. Resolution (3-4 weeks)
  2. Progression to chronic
35
Q

How does fibrinous bronchopneumonia differ from suppurative?

A

It is generally more severe, and involves the entire lobes and pleural surface

Bc it’s more severe, it’s more likely to result in fibrosis & adhesions

36
Q

Where is inflammation focused in interstitial pneumonia?

A

Alveolar walls

37
Q

What are the two phases interstitial pneumonia?

Describe each phase

A
  1. Exudative phase (protein & fluid exudation)
  2. Proliferative phase (type II pneumocytes replace damaged type I cells, aka hylaine membrane formation)
38
Q

List 2 examples of interstitial pneumonia

A
  1. Fog fever (cattle)
  2. Paraquat poisioning (dogs & cats)
39
Q

List the cellular characteristics of granulomatous pneumonia

A

Dominated by macrophages, either lots or no giant cells, and varying amounts of lymphocytes and neutrophils

40
Q

What is the most common cause of bronchointerstitial pneumonia

A

Viruses that damaged the airway and alveolar epithelial cells

41
Q

Describe the disease development of fog fever

A

When cows are moved to lush pasture in the autumn, they eat more tryptophan, which is metabolized in the rumn to generate free radicals and causes the necrosis of type I pneumocytes

42
Q

List 4 events that can lead to post-mortem pulmonary abscesses

A
  1. Septic emboli
  2. Extension of severe suppurative bronchopneumonia
  3. Aspiration
  4. Direct penetration
43
Q

Describe the species affected and the condition caused by the pathogen

Parainfluenza virus type 3

A

Canine
Replicates in the airway epithelial cells and causes bronchiolitis in the alveoli

44
Q

Describe the species affected and the condition caused by the pathogen

Canine distemper virus (CDV)

A

Canine
Causes catharral oculonasal discharge, pharyngitis and bronchitis

45
Q

Describe the species affected and the condition caused by the pathogen

Equine influenza & equine viral rhinopneumonitis

A

Equine
Mild bronchointerstitial pneumonia

46
Q

Describe the species affected and the condition caused by the pathogen

Rhodococcus equi

A

Equine
Causes severe suppurative bronchopneumonia and abscess formation

It lives in macrophages

47
Q

Describe the species affected and the condition caused by the pathogen

Pasteurellosis

A

Bovine
Causes shipping/transit fever, and manifests as acute septicaemia

Specifically p. multocida p. haemolytica

48
Q

How does pasteurellosis manifest in pigs and sheep?

A

As extensive fibrinous bronchointerstitial pneumonia

49
Q

Describe the species affected and the condition caused by the pathogen

Respiratory syncytial virus

A

Bovine
Causes cranioventral atelectasis, consolidation and interstitial emphysema in caudal lung lobes

50
Q

Describe the species affected and the condition caused by the pathogen

Maedia visna virus

A

Ovine
Causes lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and smooth muscle hyperplasia

The lungs fail to collapse properly so they can weigh 2x more

51
Q

Which animals are most affected by enzootic pneumonia

A

Calves, lambs and pigs (particularly young animals in close contact)

52
Q

In which animal is enzootic pneumonia synonymous with mycoplasma pneumonia?

53
Q

Which pathogen is known to cause pulmonary mycoses in birds

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

54
Q

List the 2 dictyocaulus spp. which affect cattle and sheep (ruminants)

A

D. viviparus and D. filaria

54
Q

Describes the phases of pathogenesis of D. viviparus

A
  1. Penetration (larvae are in transit)
  2. Prepatent phase (larvae appear in alveoli, cause bronchitis, and inflammatory cells plug the airways)
  3. Patent (parasitic bronchitis and pneumonia are seen because of a large number of worms and aspiration of the eggs)
55
Q

Describe the gross lesion of dictyocaulus infection

A

Wedge shaped areas of red/grey consolidation

56
Q

Which animals is M. capillaris infection common?

A

Sheep and goats

57
Q

What condition is caused by M. capillaris infection?

A

Multifocal interstitial pneumonia

58
Q

Where in the respiratory tract will you find cat lungworm (a. abstrusus)?

A

In the bronchioles and alveolar ducts

59
Q

Which parasitic infection causes right sided heart failure in dogs and foxes?

A

Angiostrongylus vasorum

60
Q

List 2 examples of type I hypersensitivty disease

A
  1. Feline asthma/allergic bronchitis
  2. Pulmonary infiltration with eosinophils
61
Q

List 3 examples of type III hypersensitivity disease

A
  1. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
  2. Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis
  3. COPD
62
Q

Which hypersensitivity disease is commonly seen in cattle housedindoor in the winter?

A

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (type III)

63
Q

The combination of which diseases can progress to diffuse fibrosing alveolitis?

A
  1. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
  2. Fog fever
  3. Severe alveolar damage
64
Q

What are the two possible progressions of aspiration pneumonia?

A

Severe necrotising pneumonia and gangrenous pneumonia

65
Q

List 2 possible causes of gangrenous pneumonia

A
  1. Administration of medications meant for the oesophagus
  2. Sequel to aspiration pneumonia
66
Q

Describe the progression to uraemic pneumonia

A

Severe uraemia causes increased permeability of the blood-air barrier and therefore causes pulmonary oedema

67
Q

Describe the 2 classes of lipid pneumonia

A
  1. Endogenous (accumulation of lipids in pulmonar macrophages)
  2. Exogenous (inhalation of oil, macrophages infiltrte the alveoli and cause thickening)
68
Q

List the 3 normal mechanisms of the lung that protect it from pulmonary oedema

A
  1. Alveolar epithelium and intracellular junctinos are impermeable to fluid
  2. Interstitium of alveolar septase is at a lower pressure than intra-alveolar pressure
  3. Interstitial pressure becomes increasingly sub-atmospheric towards the fascia surrounding vessels and the pulmonary hilus
69
Q

List 4 classifications of pulmonary tumors

A
  1. Bronchial papilloma
  2. Bronchial adenoma/carcinoma
  3. Bronchioalveolar adenoma/carcinoma
  4. Carcinoid (more in humans than animals)

Veterinary Pathology (3 decks)

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