Respiratory Pathology Flashcards
Which structure(s) of the respiratory tract are part of the conducting zone?
Nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea and bronchi
Which structure(s) of the respiratory tract are part of the transitional zone?
Bronchioles
Which structure(s) of the respiratory tract are part of the exchange zone?
Alveoli
What are the 3 routes of invasion into the respiratory tract?
- Aerogenous (airways)
- Haematogenous (blood)
- Transcoelomic (direct)
When considering aerogenous invasion of a pathogen, larger particles are deposited ___, whereas smaller particles are deposited ___
Larger: above the larynx (higher)
Smaller: at the bronchiolar-alveolar junction (lower)
Which types of pathogens are more likely to adhere to and replicate in the upper respiratory tract before spreading?
Bacterial and viral pathogens
Where do haematogenous lesions tend to be located in the respiratory tract?
In the caudal lobes of the lung (however all lobes can be affected)
List 2 ways in which transcoelomic infection can occur
- Infection via the pleura or mediastinum
- Traumatic penetration (from chest wall, diaphragm, or esophagus)
Define epistaxis
Blood in the nasal discharge
Define hemoptysis
Blood in the saliva or sputum
Which two pathologies of the nasal cavities often occur together?
Rhinitis and sinusitis
List an example of a virus that can cause infectious rhinitis in cats
Feline viral rhinotracheitis
List an example of a virus that can cause infectious rhinitis in dogs
Canine distemper
List an example of a virus that can cause infectious rhinitis in cattle
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
List an example of a virus that can cause infectious rhinitis in pigs
Swine influenza
List an example of a virus that can cause infectious rhinitis in horses
Equine rhinovirus
List 3 complications that can occur with strangles
- Metastatic abscesses (bastard strangles)
- Guttural pouch empyema
- Purpura hemorrhagica
In which species do nasal polyps commonly occur with chronic rhinitis?
Horses, cats and sheep
Why are inflammatory diseases involving the pharynx, larynx and trachea of clinical importance? (2 reasons)
- They can obstruct airflow
- They can cause aspiration pneumonia
Why are cattle generally susceptible to the development of bronchiectasis?
Due to the combination of the complete lobular septation of their lungs and lack of collateral ventilation
Which bacterial rhinitis infections are NOT secondary to viral infections
- Atrophic rhinitis (pigs)
- Strangles (horses & dogs)
- Mycotic rhinitis (dogs & cats)
What are the 3 pathological characteristics of strangles?
- Suppurative rhinitis
- Pharyngitis
- Lymphadenitis
List 3 developments of chronic bronchitis
- Excess production of mucus (goblet cell hyperplasia)
- Squamous metaplasia
- Bronchiectasis
What characterizes infectious tracheobronchitis?
Persistent tracheobronchial inflammation
List 2 ways in which bronchiolitis can occur
- As an extension of bronchitis or concurrently with bronchitis and pneumonia
- As a distinct entity
Which pneumocytes are the most susceptible to injury
Type I
Define
Bronchiesctasis
Permanent saccular or cylindrical dilation of bronchi as a result of the accumulation of exudate within the lumen and partial rupture of bronchial walls
Explain the term alveolar epithelialisation
In severe forms of alveolar injury, repair will begin because of type II pneumocyte division. This process looks like a gland, and is thus called epithelialisation.
Another term for this is hyaline membranes