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Veterinary Pathology > Introduction to Veterinary Pathology > Flashcards

Introduction to Veterinary Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathogenesis

A

The sequence of events occurring following exposure leading to the development of disease

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2
Q

Define morphological diagnosis

A

The structural changes seen in cells or tissues that are associated with the disease process

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3
Q

How many times their volume should samples be fixed in buffered formalin

A

10x their volume

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4
Q

What stain would you use to identify fat

A

Oil Red O

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5
Q

What stain would you use to identify glycogen

A

Periodic Acid Shift

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6
Q

What stain would you use to identify fibrous tissue

A

Mason’s Trichrome

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7
Q

What stain would you use to identify haemosiderin

A

Peri’s Prussion Blue Reaction

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8
Q

What stain would you use to identify viral proteins

A

Immunohistochemical stains

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9
Q

Define hypoplasia

A

Underdeveloped cells

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10
Q

Define aplasia

A

No cell development

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11
Q

Define agenesis

A

No cell development because of a lack of primordial tissue

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12
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Big cells

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13
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Lots of cells

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14
Q

Define metaplasia

A

The replacement of one cell type with another

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15
Q

Define dysplasia

A

A change in the size, shape, or organization of cells

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16
Q

List a type of reversible cell injury, the cause, and describe the cell morphology

(Bonus: what is another name for this type of cell injury

A

Cellular swelling
Result of hypoxia
Vacuoles become very large

(Bonus: hyropic degeneration, or ‘ballooning’ degeneration

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17
Q

What intracellular change is associated with cell necrosis

Think ion balance

A

Raised intracellular calcium levels

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18
Q

Describe coagulative necrosis of cells

Bonus: Is this an acute or chronic process?

A

Basic cell outlines are preserved

Bonus: Acute

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19
Q

Describe caseous necrosis of cells

Bonus: Is this an acute or chronic process

A

There is a friable ‘cheese’ like appearence

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20
Q

Describe liquefactive necrosis of cells

A

Cavities filled with liquefied debris

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21
Q

Describe fat necrosis of cells

A

The specific necrosis of fat by enzymatic or traumatic events

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22
Q

List 4 histological features of necrotic cells

Think about the nucleus and stain colour

A
  1. Pyknosis
  2. Karyorrhexis
  3. Karyolysis
  4. Cytoplasm becomes eosinophilic (more pink)
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23
Q

Describe serous exudate

Gross & Histological Features

A

Clear/yellow watery fluid
No/few cells seen and there is lots of seperation between connective tissue by fluid

24
Q

Describe catarrhal exudate

Gross & Histological Features

A

Thick/gelatinous fluid
Connective tissue is separated by mucus

25
Q

Describe fibrinous exudate

A

Organ surfaces are red and covered by white/yellow exudate
No/few cells seen and there is lots of fluid with high concentrations of plasma proteins and fibrin (stains bright pink)

26
Q

Describe suppurative/purulent exudate

A

Thick white/yellow material
High plasma proteins and cells

27
Q

Define

Hyperaemia

A

An active process occurring because of increased blood flow to a tissue

28
Q

Define

Congestion

A

A passive process occurring due to decreased outflow of blood from a tissue

29
Q

List 4 different types of haemorrhage

Think about the size of haemorrhage

A
  1. Petechiae
  2. Purpura
  3. Ecchymoses
  4. Suffusive
30
Q

What is the size of a petechiae haemorrhage

A

1-2mm in diameter

31
Q

What is the size of a purpura haemorrhage

A

3-10mm in diameter

32
Q

What is the size of a ecchymoses haemorrhage

A

1-3cm in diameter

33
Q

What is the size of a suffusive haemorrhage

Think generally

A

Generalized bleeding across large areas

34
Q

List 3 factors that determine the significance of a haemorrhage

A
  1. Volume
  2. Rate (fast vs slow)
  3. Location (interal vs external)
35
Q

Define

Haemorrhagic diathesis

A

The increased tendency to haemorrhage after minor injury or spontaneously

36
Q

List the 4 phases of normal haemostasis

A
  1. Vascular response
  2. Platelet response (primary)
  3. Coagulation cascade (secondary)
  4. Fibrinolysis (tertiary)
37
Q

Summarize

Primary haemostasis

A

Endothelial injury exposes the ECM for platelets to bind, releasing signals for more platelets to come

38
Q

Summarize

Secondary haemostasis

A

Inactive precursors of clotting factor are activated and form thrombin
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms a meshwork to stabilize the primary platelet plug

39
Q

Summarize

Tertiary haemostasis

What is the main goal of tertiary haemostasis?

A

Plasminogen is converted to plasmin, which cleaves fibrin to fibrin degradation products

Goal is to stop over production of fibirin & control the hemostatic plug

NB: you can use FDPs ( and D-dimers) to diagnose pro-thrombotic states

40
Q

List 3 disorders of primary haemostasis

A
  1. Thrombocytopaenia
  2. Thrombopathias
  3. Von Willebrand’s Disease
41
Q

List 5 reasons for thrombocytopaenia

A
  1. Decreased production (in bone marrow)
  2. Increased destruction or utilization
  3. Sequestration (in the liver)
  4. Inherited (common in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels)
  5. Breed (lower numbers in healthy Sighthounds)
42
Q

List 2 ways thrombopathias can be aquired

A
  1. Inheirted (primary)
  2. Acquired from neoplasia, kidney/liver disease, infecitous diseases or drugs (secondary)
43
Q

What is von Willebrand’s factor

A

An adhesion molecule between platelets and endothelial cells essential for primary haemostasis

44
Q

Define

Thrombopathias

A

Abnormalities in platelet function

45
Q

What is the most common inherited disorder of haemostasis in dogs

A

von Willebrand’s disease

46
Q

Define

Haemophilia A

A

Factor VIII deficiency

47
Q

Define

Haemophilia B

A

Factor IX deficiency

48
Q

What is the reason for disorders of secondary haemostasis

Think deficiency

A

Coagulation factor deficiencies

49
Q

List 4 ways disorders of secondary haemostasis can be acquired

Note: other than inheirited

A
  1. Vitamin K deficiency/antagonism
  2. DIC
  3. Liver/kidney disease
  4. Infectious diseases
50
Q

What are disorders of tertiary haemostasis primarily associated with

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

This is classified by lots of clots forming

51
Q

List 3 ways you can evaluate primary haemostasis

What tests can you do?

A
  1. Platelet count measurement of vWF function
  2. Buccal muscosal bleeding time
  3. Platelet function evaluation
52
Q

List 3 ways you can evaluate secondary haemostasis

A
  1. Measure prothrombin time
  2. Measure the activated partial thromboplastin time
  3. Measure activated clotting time or whole blood clotting time
53
Q

List 2 ways you can evaluate tertiary haemostasis

A
  1. Measure fibrin degredation products
  2. Measure D-dimers
54
Q

Define

Thrombus

A

A solid mass of fibrin, platelets and other blood elements formed within a vessel or heart and attached to the wall

55
Q

List the 3 main factors that predispose the formation of a thrombus

What is the name for these 3 factors?

A
  1. Damage to the endothelium
  2. Altered blood flow
  3. Hypercoagulability of blood

Virchow’s Triad

Veterinary Pathology (3 decks)

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