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Veterinary Pathology > Haemolymphatic > Flashcards

Haemolymphatic Flashcards

1
Q

In which conditions can haematopoiesis in the spleen continue after birth?

A
  1. Where there is nodular hyperplasia
  2. When there is increased demand (ex. severe anaemia)
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2
Q

In which condition will extramedullary myelopoiesis occur?

A

Where these is excessive demand for neutrophils

Ex. on going sepsis

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3
Q

What primarily forms the bone marrow in adult animals?

How does this differ from the young/diseased animal

A

Fat

Bone marrow is very cellular in young and diseased animals

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4
Q

How can you identify a cellular sample of bone marrow with a simple test?

A

A cellular sample of bone marrow will sink when placed in formalin

Normal, fatty, marrow will float

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5
Q

Define myeloproliferative disease

A

A non-specific term describing disordered proliferation of one or more of the haemopoietic cell lines in the bone marrow

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6
Q

What is the term for inflammation of the bone marrow?

A

Myelitis

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7
Q

List 3 forms of anaemia

A
  1. Haemorrhagic
  2. Haemolytic
  3. Non-regenerative
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8
Q

List the 5 major pathological features/changes of anaemia

A
  1. Pallor
  2. Myocardium (fatty degeneration)
  3. Liver (periacinar hepatic necrosis)
  4. Spleen (shrunken or enlarged)
  5. Muscle (paler)
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9
Q

Describe the mechanism of periacinar hepatic necrosis in anaemia

A

When an animal is anaemia, there is not enough circulating oxygen
The central area (periacinar region) of the hepatic lobule is most susceptible to such low levels of oxygen, and therefore we see necrosis

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10
Q

List 3 specific pathological features of haemolytic anaemia

A
  1. Jaundice
  2. Bone marrow hyperplasia
  3. Spleanomegaly
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11
Q

Compare the pathological changes to the spleen in haemorrhagic and haemolytic anaemia

A

Haemorrhagic: spleen appears smaller because it is contracting to try and release more RBCs
Haemolytic: spleen appears larger because it is trying to make more RBCs

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12
Q

List possible causes for wet, uniform splenomegaly

A
  1. Congestion
  2. Barbiturate euthanasia
  3. Torsion
  4. Anthrax
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13
Q

List possible causes for firm, uniform splenomegaly

A
  1. Chronic stimulation (ex. infectious disease)
  2. Diffuse neoplasia
  3. Extramedullary haematopoiesis
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14
Q

List possible causes for wet, nodular splenomegaly

A
  1. Haematomas
  2. Neoplasia
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15
Q

List possible causes for firm, nodular splenomegaly

A
  1. Nodular hyperplasia
  2. Non-vascular neoplasia
  3. Inflammation and/or abscesses
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16
Q

What is a common pathology of the spleen in old dogs?

A

Benign nodular hyperplasia

17
Q

List 2 neoplasms of mesenchymal origin that can arise in the spleen

A
  1. Fibrosarcoma
  2. Leiomyosarcoma
18
Q

What are the primary sites of haemangiosarcoma’s in the dog?

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Right atrium
  3. Liver
  4. Skin
19
Q

List 2 potential consequences of haemangiosarcomas

A
  1. Haemorrhage
  2. Metastases to distant sites
20
Q

List 5 other classes of splenic pathologies

I.e., not neoplasia or inflammation

A
  1. Atrophy
  2. Splenic rupture
  3. Siderofibrosis
  4. Infarcts
  5. Contraction (i.e., shock)
21
Q

Define lymphadenopathy

A

Regional or generalised lymph node enlargement of unspecified causes

22
Q

Explain the difference between a reactive lymph node and lymphadenitis

A

A reactive lymph node is enlarged in response to surrounding inflammation/presentation of antigens
Lymphadenitis is specific inflammation of the lymph node itself

23
Q

List 3 general reasons why a lymph node may be enlarged

A
  1. Hyperplasia
  2. Inflammation
  3. Neoplasia
24
Q

List 3 consequences of lymphadenitis

A
  1. Resolution
  2. Abscess
  3. Scarring
25
Q

List 2 ways neoplasia can present in the lymph node

A
  1. Diffuse infiltration
  2. Focal infiltration
26
Q

List and describe 2 pigmentation pathologies of the lymph node

A
  1. Melanin pigment (pigment is taken by macrophages to draining lymph nodes)
  2. Haemosiderin pigment (seen from the draining of a congested or haemorrhaged area)
27
Q

List 4 general reasons you may see pathological changes to the thymus

Why might the thymus change because of natural reasons?

A
  1. Congenital/developmental disorders
  2. Inflammation
  3. Degenerative disease
  4. Neoplasia

The thymus involutes with age

Veterinary Pathology (3 decks)

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