RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY Flashcards by Charly Hindhaugh

what is dyspnoea

a subjective feeling of breathlessness

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what is haemoptysis

THE EXPECTORATION OF BLOOD OR BLOODY MUCUS

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WHAT IS HYPERCAPNIA

AN INCREASED CARBON DIOXIDE LEVEL IN THE BLOOD CAUSED BY HYPOVENTILATION

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WHAT IS HYPOXAEMIA

REDUCED O2 LEVEL IN TH EBLOOD

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WHAT IS HYPOXIA

REDUCED O2 LEEL IN THE TISSUES

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WHAT IS CYANOSIS

abolish discolouration of the skin and mucous membranes

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what are breath sounds created by

turbulent airflow in the respiratory tree

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what is stridor breathing

a harsh or grating sound

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what diseases can affect the upper respiratory tract

common cold
viral sore throat
croup
influenza

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what diseases can affect the lower respiratory tract

whooping cough
pneumonia
TB

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who are URTI common in

children

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what is infectious rhinitis also known as

common cold

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what are the three most common viruses that cause the common cold

rhinovirus
adenovirus
echovirus

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what is the pathophysiology of a common cold

virus invades nasal epithelium
acute inflammation of nasal mucosa occurs (inc vascular permeability) (inc mucosa secretion)
nasal congestion
can then spread to sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, otitis media

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do cold viruses cause cellular death

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what is a secondary bacterial infection

when mucus discharge turns into purulent discharge (green/ yellow/ smelly)

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what is the best management for colds

rest, fluids, good food, symptom relief

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are antibtx indicated for a cold `

no `

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what complimentary therapies are recommended for colds

zinc, vit c, echinacea

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what is seasonal influenza

highly contagious viral disease caused by type a influenza

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can influenza be fatal in the immunosuppressed

yes

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how is the flu transmitted

via infected droplets

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what is the pathophysiology of the flu

virus binds ro respiratory epithelium
flu virus directs the host to multiply the virus through foreign genetic material
human cells are destroyed
necrosis of the respiratory tract

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what does the flu vaccine do

produces specific antibodies that inhibit binding and entry into cells

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does the flu virus cause cell death

yes

why does immunity developed from previous flu infections/ vaccination become ineffective

because flu viruses can change surface antigens

are antibtx indicated for the flu

what is pertussis also known as

whooping cough

what is the bacteria that causes pertussis

bordetella pertussis infection

what are the three stages of pertussis

catarrhal stage paroxysmal stage convalescent stage

what is involved in the catarrhal stage of pertussis

resembles a common cold

what happens in the paroxysmal stage

bursts of rapid consecutive coughs that are followed by a deep high pitched inspiration

what is involved in the convalescent stage

begins four weeks after the onset of the illness

ARE antibtx indicated for pertussis

yes

what is pneumonia

inflammation of the lung tissue from any cause

if pneumonia is left untreated, what does it lead to

consolidation

what are different patterns of pneumonia caused by

different microorganisms

what are some common causes of pneumonia

strep pneumonia, staph aureus, legionella, viral pneumonia

what are the clinical signs of consolidation

inspiratory crackles, dullness to percussion, increased tactile fremitus

are antibtx indicated for pneumonia

for bacterial pneumonia, yes

what is asthma

chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, associated with obstruction

is asthma more common in M or F in children

males

is asthma more common in M or F in adults

females

what is the most common form of asthma

allergic asthma

what immunoglobulin is produced in response to allergens

immunoglobulin E

what is asthma a result of

hypersensitivity reaction

what is COPD

AN UMBRELLA TERM FOR THE RESULT OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS AND EMPHYSEMA

WHAT IS CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

A CHRONIC PRODUCTIVE COUGH FOR AT LEAST THREE CONSECUTIVE MONTHS IN AT LEAST TWO CONSECUTIVE YEARS

WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

CIGARETTE SMOKING AND INHALING TOXIC PARTICLES

WHAT ARE THE DOMINANT PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

MUCUS HYPERSECRETUIN AND PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION

WHAT IS EMPHYSEMA

DEFINED AS THE PERMANENT DISTENSION OF AIR SPACES DISTAL TO THE TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

WHAT IS EMPHYSEMA CAUSED BY

CIGARETTE SMOKING, AIR POLLUTION, CHILDHOOD RESP INFECTIONS

WHAT CAN EMPHYSEMA CAUSE

BULLAE AND BLEBS

WHAT ARE BULLAE AND BLEBS

SUBPLEURAL AREAS OF MARKED PULMONARY DISTENSION

WHICH ARE LARGER BLEBS OR BULLAE

BULLAE, LARGER THAN 2CM

WHAT IS THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EMPHYSEMA

OXIDANTS IN CIGRAETTE SMOKE PROMOTE INFLAMMATION, WHICH OVER TIME DESTROYS ELASTIN IN ALVEOLAR WALLS

IN SOMEONE WITH COPD, SOMEONE WITH EMOHYSEMA WILL APPEAR

PINK PUFFER (THIN AND BONY AND RED)

IN SOMEONE WITH COPD, SOMEONE WITH CHRONIC BRONCHITIS WILL APPEAR

BLUE BLOATER (PUFFY AND CYANOTIC)

WHAT IS A BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA

MALIGNANT TUMOUR ARISING FROM RESPIRATORY TRACT EPITHELIUM

WHAT CAN CAUSE A BRONCHOGENIS CARCINOMA

SMOKING, ASBESTOS, SILICA DUST, DIESEL EXHAUST FUMES, FAM HX, PREVIOUS LUNG DISEASES

HOW CAN BRONCHOGENIC ECRCINOMA BE FURTHER CLASSIFIED

BASED IN HUSTOLOGY

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON DIVISION OF BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA

ADENOCARCINOMA

WHAT IS A PULMONARY EMBOLISM

OCCLUSION OF A PORTION OF THE PULMONARY VASCULAR BED BY AN EMBOLUS

WHAT ARE THE VIRCHOWS TRIAD FACTORS THAT ARE RISK FACTORS FOR A PULMONARY EMBOLISM

VENOUS STASIS VESSEL DAMAGE HYPERCOAGULABILITY

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON FEATURES OF A PULMONARY EMBOLISM

SUDDEN INSET CHEST PAIN, DYSPNOEA, INCERASED HR, RR, UNEXPLAINED ANXIETY

WHAT IS A PNEUMO THORAX

PRESENCE FO AIR IN THE PLEURAL CAVITY

A PNEUMOTHORAX XAN BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON

MECHANISM ON INJURY (TRAUMATIC OR SPONTANEOUS) PHYSIOLOGICAL NATURE (CLOSED, OPEN, TENSION)