Respiratory Pathologies Flashcards
3/4 kinds sputum
Yellow/green - cellular material present
Clear/white - normal
Red - haemoptysis - could be tb, cancer, burst blood vessel
Common signs/symptoms of respiratory problems
Congestion Runny nose Sneezing Cough Sputum Wheezing Chest pain Breathlessness Dyspnoea Orthopnoea Tachypnoea Hyperventilation
Mucus v sputum difference
Mucus more fluid from sinuses
Sputum more gel-like
Dyspnoea definition
Awareness of breathing,
Difficult/painful breathing
Orthopnoea definition
Breathlessness lying down
Fluid on lungs
Tachypnoea
Increased rate breathing
Which cells may be in sputum which are mischief makers in asthma
Eosinophils
Medical investigations for respiratory pathologies
Blood tests (wbc count)
Biochemistry tests
Sputum analysis & microbiology
Imaging - chest x ray/ mri
Naturopathic investigations respiratory pathologies
Tongue investigation
Sputum colour
Pulse diagnosis
Allergy testing
Physical examinations for respiratory disorders
Percussion & auscultation
Respiratory/function tests
Term referring to acute CATARRHAL inflammation/congestion of nasal mucosa associated with nasal discharge
Coryza
What is catarrh
Excessive thick
Mucous & white blood cells associated with inflammation/ congestion of respiratory tract mucosa
Non-allergic rhinitis associated with what
Environmental & lifestyle changes Humidity Diet Depression Stress etc
Causes of Coryza
Infection (cold) Allergies/hay fever Non-allergic rhinitis Sinusitis Measles
Can occur simultaneously
Anosmia meaning
loss smell
2 viruses causing common cold
rhinovirus or coronavirus
What can be an early sign of sinusitis
a tooth infection
Pathophysiology nasal polyps
chronic inflammation -
BVs in nose lining more permeable-
get waterlogged + gravity = polyps
Why might antibiotics be a good idea if your child has tonsillitis
if bacterial, strep.
v damaging to kidneys - after 1 day, go allopathic
how to tell if tonsillitis is viral/bacterial
bacterial temp higher
quinsy also known as
peritonsillar
dysphagia means
difficulty swallowing
Trismus means
limited mouth opening
Hyperplasia definition
abnormal increase in normal number of cells
two types asthma
EXTRINSIC - Allergic asthma
INTRINSIC - via exposure to irritant (no antibodies)
Which type asthma adults/kids usually get
Kids - extrinsic allergic, linked to excema
adults intrinsic
Difference between blue & brown pump asthma
blue - bronchi dilators
brown corticosteroids
how to tell if an asthma attack is bad
person cannot speak in sentences
what to do in case of bad asthma attack
focus on breathing out/into brown paper bag
keep calm
use inhaler/nebuliser
call ambulance if not under control
What does COPD stand for
Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease
2 main diseases of COPD
Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis
Why called COPD?
Most tend to have both diseases, so more accurate.
Emphysema always has Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic Bronchitis not always emphysema
what happens in emphysema
walls/ducts alveoli damaged/destroyed
reduced gas exchange in lungs
progression of emphysema
Alveoli rupture and inflamed tissues scars -
Pulmonary Fibrosis
what happens in Chronic bronchitis
constant irritation/inflammation bronchial lining = accumulation of mucous. narrowing of passageways hard to breathe
progression chronic bronchitis
stagnant mucous/pus blocks airways
Symptoms COPD
early - smokers cough chronic cough stinky sputum dyspnoea, wheezing clubbed nails - not enough 02 to peripheries cyanosis barrel chest - straining to breathe more
Complications COPD
Hypoxia
Pulmonary Hypertension
Respiratory Failure
how do you get cystic fibrosis
genetic
what happens in Cystic Fibrosis
Lungs and Digestive system clog with thick sticky mucus
What is lung fibrosis also known as
pulmonary fibrosis
what happens in pulmonary fibrosis
gradual fibrosis and loss elasticity in lungs
causes pulmonary fibrosis
idiopathic
or
secondary to CF, COPD
What happens in obstructive sleep apnoea
walls of throat relax and narrow during sleep
interrupts breathing
2 types sleep apnoea
apnoea - full blockage
hypopnoea - partial
causes sleep apnoea
obesity, enlarged tonsils, nasal obstructions, alcohol, sedatives
symptoms sleep apnoea
loud snoring, nocturnal choking, morning headache, tiredness
what is pneumothorax
air trapped in pleura next to lung
lung fully or partially collapses
2 types pneumothorax
spontaneous - secondary to TB, CF, Emphysema, asthma, cancer
traumatic - puncture to chest wall/surgery complication
Symptoms pneumothorax
cyanosis, hypoxia, loss consciousness, coma
EMERGENCY!!!
What is Pleurisy/pleuritis
inflammation of pleura due to infection or cancer
symptoms pleurisy/pleuritis
sharp chest pain, worse with breathing
What happens in pulmonary embolism
Embolus (mobile clot) blocks pulmonary artery, usually from a DVT
symptoms pulmonary embolism
sharp stabbing chest pain, dyspnoea, cough, fainting
complications pulmonary embolism
shock due to blocked pulmonary circulation
