Intro Flashcards
What is external respiration?
Exchange of gases between
BLOOD
&
LUNGS
3 types respiration
External
Internal
Cellular
What is internal respiration?
Exchange of gases between
BLOOD
&
CELLS
What is cellular respiration
Metabolic process
ATP production
What are 3 stages of respiration cycle
VENTILATION - actual sucking in/out of air
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION - lungs-blood
INTERNAL RESPIRATION - blood - cells
Why does CPR work?
Because exhaled hair contains oxygen
Other word for inhalation
Inspiration
Other word for exhalation
Expiration
Carbon dioxide is a by product of the production of what in the body?
ATP
Why does your nose dry out in the v cold - Lapland?
Because it moistens the air
Organs that make up the tube of the respiratory system from top to bottom
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tube
Structure of bronchial tree large to small
Bronchial tube
Bronchi - primary, secondary, tertiary
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Why are alveoli like leaves?
Only site for gas exchange in bronchial tree
Which part of the respiratory system moistens the air
Upper respiratory tract
Larynx upwards
Role of heart & lungs re blood/oxygen
Lungs - oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide out.
Heart - pumps oxygenated blood to peripheries, pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs for re oxygenation
Repeats
Glucose + oxygen =
ATP
What type blood vessel are capillaries?
B
2 types blood vessels and their role?
Arteries - 02
Veins co2
What are microbes?
Any living organism that may enter the body
Bacteria/fungus
Not worms
What role does mucus play in smelling
Particles from the smells dissolve in the mucus.
Receptors detect odorants
Describe the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract
Epithelial membrane with mucous secreting goblet cells and thousands of cilia
Which direction to the cilia move
Beat upwards away from alveoli towards throat
What happens to cilia in smokers
Get paralysed
What happens to the debris once the cilia have moved it up to the throat?
Swallowed - protecting lungs from inhaled pathogens/debris
What is the moving cilia system known as?
Mucociliary escalator
3 functions of mucus
Traps inhaled particles
Acts as a surfactant
Has anti microbial properties
What does a surfactant do
Lowers surface tension of a liquid
Allows easier spreading
What do goblet cells produce
Mucus
Describe nasal cavity
Irregular cavity
Divided by septum (hyaline cartilage)
5 functions of nose/nasal cavity
Filtering air Warming/cooling air Humidification Sneezing reflex Olfactory function
What and where are our sinuses
X
What are the para nasal sinuses
Cavities in the bones with small openings to the nasal cavity
Contain air & mucous membrane
What is sinusitis
Inflammation of mucous membranes of the sinuses
4 functions of paranasal sinuses
Resonance in speech
Lighten cranium
Drain tears from eyes
Moisten/humidify air
Which ducts in sinuses drain tears from eyes?
Nasolacrimal
Where is the zygomatic arch
C
Name 3 parts of pharynx
Nasopharynx - rear of nose, adenoids
Oropharynx - back of throat
Laryngopharynx - deep throat (where tickly cough felt)
Other term for adenoids
Nasopharyngeal tonsil
What tubes link the nasopharynx to the middle ear
Eustacian tubes
What do eustacian tubes do
Connect middle ear and nasopharynx
Allow equalisation of pressure in middle ear
Functions of pharynx
Passageway for air/food Warming/humidify ing Taste - gustatory sensors Hearing (communicates with ear) Equalisation of pressure in middle ear via eustacian tubes Immune protection - tonsils Speech - resonating chamber
Where are the maxillary sinuses
Either side of base of nose
Where are ethmoid sinuses
Deep behind bridge of nose
Where are frontal sinuses
Above eyebrows
What is the first contact organ of the respiratory system?
The nose
Purpose of irregular structure of internal nasal cavity
Valleys & hills
Makes turbulence
Moves air around, traps dirt
Warms/cools/humidifies air
What are olfactory epithelium
Specialised cells
What helps maintain structure of trachea
Horseshoe shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
What is the function of the hyaline cartilage horseshoes in the trachea
Maintains structure
Keeps airway open
What tube runs parallel to trachea
Oesophagus
What is the flap that covers the top of oesophagus
Epiglottis
Why are discs in trachea horseshoe shaped not rounded
Allows for expansion of oesophagi a
What type of muscle makes up the oesophagus
Smooth - expands & contracts
Where is the hyoid bone in relation to the larynx
Above
What is the larynx also known as
Voice box
Adam’s apple
What are the 3 components of larynx
Cartilage
Epiglottis
Vocal cords
Structure of vocal cords
Folds mucous membrane stretched horizontally across larynx
How do vocal cords move to change pitch of voice
Relaxed - loose - low
Contract - tight - high
4 functions of Larynx
Sound/speech
Protection (epiglottis closes off trachea during swallowing)
Air passageway
Warm/cool/humidify air
2 structural layers of trachea
Outer - cartilage bands & smooth muscle
Inner - ciliates epithelium
Is trachea part of mucociliaryescalator?
Yes
Which are the two sides & their functions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic - fight/flight
Parasympathetic - rest/digest
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the trachea
Dilation
What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the trachea
Construction
4 functions of trachea
Air flow
Mucociliary escalator
Cough reflex
Warming, humidifying, filtering (if nec)
Why is adrenalin administered during Athena/anaphylactic shock?
Initiates sympathetic nervous system - dilates airways
What controls the involuntary smooth muscle of the trachea
Autonomic nervous system
Research - inflammation body heals itself fibrous tissue
F
What speeds can the coughing reflex reach up to
600miles an hour
Which nerve involved with coughing reflex
Vagus nerve
What is vagus nerve known as
Cranial nerve no 10
CNX
8 steps of coughing reflex
Irritation Stimulates sensitive nerve endings in larynx, trachea, bronchi Nerve impulse to vagus nerve Info to respiratory centre in brain stem Deep inspiration Closure of glottis/vocal cords Contracts ab/resp muscles = increases pressure Forced removal of irritation
Do bronchi bronchioles have ciliates epthithelium
Yes
Effect of parasympathetic nervous system on bronchi
Bronchi construction
Effect of sympathetic nervous system on bronchi
Bronchi dilation
Why do alveoli have a large surface area
Maximise GASEOUS EXCHANGE between air and blood
How many alveoli in each lung
300 million!
What is present in alveoli which prevents them from drying out
Surfactant
And immune cells - protect from pathogens
Is surfactant present in lungs of premature babies
No - difficulty breathing
What does surfactant in alveoili enable
Gases to dissolve/move via passive diffusion
What effect does stab wound/puncture have on pleural membrane
No pulling power/suction
Loss of vacuum
Poss collapsed lung
Top/bottom of lung known as
Alex
Base
2 surfaces of lung known as
Costal surface - contacts ribs
Medial surface - contacts trachea, heart
How many lobes each lung
Right - 3
Left - 2
Cavity of heart
Mediastinum
How does pleura help expansion of lungs
Pleura stuck to lungs
Lungs sucked to pleura
PASSIVE DILATION
