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Respiratory System > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

0
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Exchange of gases between
BLOOD
&
LUNGS

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1
Q

3 types respiration

A

External
Internal
Cellular

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2
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Exchange of gases between
BLOOD
&
CELLS

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3
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

Metabolic process

ATP production

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4
Q

What are 3 stages of respiration cycle

A

VENTILATION - actual sucking in/out of air
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION - lungs-blood
INTERNAL RESPIRATION - blood - cells

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5
Q

Why does CPR work?

A

Because exhaled hair contains oxygen

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6
Q

Other word for inhalation

A

Inspiration

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7
Q

Other word for exhalation

A

Expiration

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8
Q

Carbon dioxide is a by product of the production of what in the body?

A

ATP

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9
Q

Why does your nose dry out in the v cold - Lapland?

A

Because it moistens the air

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10
Q

Organs that make up the tube of the respiratory system from top to bottom

A

Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tube

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11
Q

Structure of bronchial tree large to small

A

Bronchial tube
Bronchi - primary, secondary, tertiary
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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12
Q

Why are alveoli like leaves?

A

Only site for gas exchange in bronchial tree

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13
Q

Which part of the respiratory system moistens the air

A

Upper respiratory tract

Larynx upwards

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14
Q

Role of heart & lungs re blood/oxygen

A

Lungs - oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide out.
Heart - pumps oxygenated blood to peripheries, pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs for re oxygenation
Repeats

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15
Q

Glucose + oxygen =

A

ATP

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16
Q

What type blood vessel are capillaries?

A

B

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17
Q

2 types blood vessels and their role?

A

Arteries - 02

Veins co2

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18
Q

What are microbes?

A

Any living organism that may enter the body
Bacteria/fungus
Not worms

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19
Q

What role does mucus play in smelling

A

Particles from the smells dissolve in the mucus.

Receptors detect odorants

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20
Q

Describe the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract

A

Epithelial membrane with mucous secreting goblet cells and thousands of cilia

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21
Q

Which direction to the cilia move

A

Beat upwards away from alveoli towards throat

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22
Q

What happens to cilia in smokers

A

Get paralysed

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23
Q

What happens to the debris once the cilia have moved it up to the throat?

A

Swallowed - protecting lungs from inhaled pathogens/debris

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24
Q

What is the moving cilia system known as?

A

Mucociliary escalator

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25
Q

3 functions of mucus

A

Traps inhaled particles
Acts as a surfactant
Has anti microbial properties

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26
Q

What does a surfactant do

A

Lowers surface tension of a liquid

Allows easier spreading

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27
Q

What do goblet cells produce

A

Mucus

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28
Q

Describe nasal cavity

A

Irregular cavity

Divided by septum (hyaline cartilage)

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29
Q

5 functions of nose/nasal cavity

A 
Filtering air
Warming/cooling air
Humidification
Sneezing reflex
Olfactory function
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30
Q

What and where are our sinuses

A

X

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31
Q

What are the para nasal sinuses

A

Cavities in the bones with small openings to the nasal cavity
Contain air & mucous membrane

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32
Q

What is sinusitis

A

Inflammation of mucous membranes of the sinuses

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33
Q

4 functions of paranasal sinuses

A

Resonance in speech
Lighten cranium
Drain tears from eyes
Moisten/humidify air

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34
Q

Which ducts in sinuses drain tears from eyes?

A

Nasolacrimal

35
Q

Where is the zygomatic arch

A

C

36
Q

Name 3 parts of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx - rear of nose, adenoids
Oropharynx - back of throat
Laryngopharynx - deep throat (where tickly cough felt)

37
Q

Other term for adenoids

A

Nasopharyngeal tonsil

38
Q

What tubes link the nasopharynx to the middle ear

A

Eustacian tubes

39
Q

What do eustacian tubes do

A

Connect middle ear and nasopharynx

Allow equalisation of pressure in middle ear

40
Q

Functions of pharynx

A 
Passageway for air/food
Warming/humidify ing
Taste - gustatory sensors
Hearing (communicates with ear)
Equalisation of pressure in middle ear via eustacian tubes
Immune protection - tonsils
Speech - resonating chamber
41
Q

Where are the maxillary sinuses

A

Either side of base of nose

42
Q

Where are ethmoid sinuses

A

Deep behind bridge of nose

43
Q

Where are frontal sinuses

A

Above eyebrows

44
Q

What is the first contact organ of the respiratory system?

A

The nose

45
Q

Purpose of irregular structure of internal nasal cavity

Valleys & hills

A

Makes turbulence
Moves air around, traps dirt
Warms/cools/humidifies air

46
Q

What are olfactory epithelium

A

Specialised cells

47
Q

What helps maintain structure of trachea

A

Horseshoe shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

48
Q

What is the function of the hyaline cartilage horseshoes in the trachea

A

Maintains structure

Keeps airway open

49
Q

What tube runs parallel to trachea

A

Oesophagus

50
Q

What is the flap that covers the top of oesophagus

A

Epiglottis

51
Q

Why are discs in trachea horseshoe shaped not rounded

A

Allows for expansion of oesophagi a

52
Q

What type of muscle makes up the oesophagus

A

Smooth - expands & contracts

53
Q

Where is the hyoid bone in relation to the larynx

A

Above

54
Q

What is the larynx also known as

A

Voice box

Adam’s apple

55
Q

What are the 3 components of larynx

A

Cartilage
Epiglottis
Vocal cords

56
Q

Structure of vocal cords

A

Folds mucous membrane stretched horizontally across larynx

57
Q

How do vocal cords move to change pitch of voice

A

Relaxed - loose - low

Contract - tight - high

58
Q

4 functions of Larynx

A

Sound/speech
Protection (epiglottis closes off trachea during swallowing)
Air passageway
Warm/cool/humidify air

59
Q

2 structural layers of trachea

A

Outer - cartilage bands & smooth muscle

Inner - ciliates epithelium

60
Q

Is trachea part of mucociliaryescalator?

A

Yes

61
Q

Which are the two sides & their functions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic - fight/flight

Parasympathetic - rest/digest

62
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the trachea

A

Dilation

63
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the trachea

A

Construction

64
Q

4 functions of trachea

A

Air flow
Mucociliary escalator
Cough reflex
Warming, humidifying, filtering (if nec)

65
Q

Why is adrenalin administered during Athena/anaphylactic shock?

A

Initiates sympathetic nervous system - dilates airways

66
Q

What controls the involuntary smooth muscle of the trachea

A

Autonomic nervous system

67
Q

Research - inflammation body heals itself fibrous tissue

A

F

68
Q

What speeds can the coughing reflex reach up to

A

600miles an hour

69
Q

Which nerve involved with coughing reflex

A

Vagus nerve

70
Q

What is vagus nerve known as

A

Cranial nerve no 10

CNX

71
Q

8 steps of coughing reflex

A 
Irritation
Stimulates sensitive nerve endings in larynx, trachea, bronchi
Nerve impulse to vagus nerve
Info to respiratory centre in brain stem
Deep inspiration
Closure of glottis/vocal cords
Contracts ab/resp muscles = increases pressure
Forced removal of irritation
72
Q

Do bronchi bronchioles have ciliates epthithelium

A

Yes

73
Q

Effect of parasympathetic nervous system on bronchi

A

Bronchi construction

74
Q

Effect of sympathetic nervous system on bronchi

A

Bronchi dilation

75
Q

Why do alveoli have a large surface area

A

Maximise GASEOUS EXCHANGE between air and blood

76
Q

How many alveoli in each lung

A

300 million!

77
Q

What is present in alveoli which prevents them from drying out

A

Surfactant

And immune cells - protect from pathogens

78
Q

Is surfactant present in lungs of premature babies

A

No - difficulty breathing

79
Q

What does surfactant in alveoili enable

A

Gases to dissolve/move via passive diffusion

80
Q

What effect does stab wound/puncture have on pleural membrane

A

No pulling power/suction
Loss of vacuum
Poss collapsed lung

81
Q

Top/bottom of lung known as

A

Alex

Base

82
Q

2 surfaces of lung known as

A

Costal surface - contacts ribs

Medial surface - contacts trachea, heart

83
Q

How many lobes each lung

A

Right - 3

Left - 2

84
Q

Cavity of heart

A

Mediastinum

85
Q

How does pleura help expansion of lungs

A

Pleura stuck to lungs
Lungs sucked to pleura
PASSIVE DILATION

Respiratory System (3 decks)

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