Respiration & Breathing

Question 0

Describe cycle of ventilation

Answer 0

Inspiration (2 secs approx)
Expiration (3 secs approx)
Pause

Question 1

How many breaths a minute in the average cycle of ventilation

Answer 1

12-15

Question 2

Which are the 2 main muscles in ventilation

Answer 2

Intercostal muscles (external & internal)
Diaphragm

Question 3

How do intercostal muscles assist in ventilation

Answer 3

When contracted pull ribs up and out increasing size of rib cage

Question 4

Which muscles assist the diaphragm in deep breathing (other than intercostal )

Answer 4

Neck
Shoulders
Abdomen

Question 5

Describe composition of diaphragm

Answer 5

Central tendon with radiating muscle fibres

Question 6

Which cavities does diaphragm seperate

Answer 6

Thoracic abdominal

Question 7

Which bones to diaphragm muscle fibres attach to

Answer 7

Lower ribs, sternum, vertebrae

Question 8

What is role of diaphragm in inhalation/expiration

Answer 8

Contraction decreases pressure in thoracic cavity - suction causes passive inflation of lungs increases size of rib cage

Check

Question 9

Is inspiration active

Answer 9

Yes, muscles contract

Question 10

Inspiration - negative pressure in thoracic cavity also aids

Answer 10

Venous return to the heart

Question 11

Is expiration passive

Answer 11

Yes, typically - muscles relax

Question 12

Expiration occurs through muscle relaxation and what of lungs

Answer 12

Elastic recoil

Question 13

Do lungs still contain air after expiration

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

What is lung volume

Answer 14

Quantity of air in lungs

Question 15

An average pair of human lungs can hold how much air

Answer 15

6 litres

Question 16

What does the surfactant ensure the alveoli are not

Answer 16

Sticky

Question 17

How does living at high altitude impact red blood cell production

Answer 17

We make more

Question 18

Which gas is required for metabolism in tissues

Answer 18

Oxygen

Question 19

Which gas is a waste product from metabolism in tissues

Answer 19

Carbon Dioxide

Question 20

Describe movement of O2 & CO2 in external respiration

Answer 20

O2 concentration in air higher than in blood so absorbed into blood via diffusion.
CO2 higher concentration in blood than air so moves out into air via diffusion

Question 21

Describe movement of O2 & CO2 in internal respiration

Answer 21

O2 greater concentration in blood than tissues so absorbed into tissues via diffusion. CO2 greater concentration in tissues than air so moves out of blood into air via diffusion.

Question 22

Typical chemical composition of inspired air

Answer 22

21% O2
0.04% CO2
78% nitrogen & rare gases
Variable water vapour

Question 23

Chemical composition expired air

Answer 23

16% O2
4% CO2
78% nitrogen & rare gases
Saturated with water vapour

Question 24

What happens to O2 when enters blood

Answer 24

98. 5% transported in red blood cells as OXYHAEMOGLOBIN | 1. 5% dissolved in plasma

Question 25

Good image for red blood cells & OXYHAEMOGLOBIN

Answer 25

Red blood cells - taxis OXYHAEMOGLOBIN suitcases Going round and round

Question 26

Is CO2 acidic?

Answer 26

Yes very

Question 27

What happens to CO2 in blood

Answer 27

70% found in plasma as HCO3 (bicarbonate) 7% dissolved in plasma 23% carried in RBCs (haemoglobin carries it back to lungs)

Question 28

What is globin

Answer 28

Protein constituent of haemoglobin & myoglobin

Question 29

Is respiration primarily voluntary or involuntary

Answer 29

Primarily involuntary

Question 30

Where are the 3 main respiratory centres that control respiration

Answer 30

Brain stem, Medulla oblongata Pons

Question 31

Do different tissues have a different PH

Answer 31

Yes

Question 32

If the blood pH is too low it is

Answer 32

Acidic

Question 33

If the blood pH is too high it is

Answer 33

Too alkali

Question 34

If the blood has a low ph and is acidic it has an elevated concentration of

Answer 34

Hydrogen ion H+

Question 35

How does CO2 affect blood ph

Answer 35

When dissolves in body fluids causes Increase in H+ ions Increased acidity Lowers pH

Question 36

How is lower blood pH/increased acidity managed in body

Answer 36

Buffer systems temporarily bind to H+ removing them from solution Increased exhalation of CO2 Kidney extremism of H+

Question 37

What is chemical definition of pH

Answer 37

Concentration of Hydrogen ions in a solution

Question 38

How does CO2 react with H+

Answer 38

Acts as carrier | Either transporting or releasing it

Question 39

What is chemical equation for blood pH

Answer 39

CO2 + H2O <>H2CO3<> H+ + HCO3

Question 40

Where are receptors located for respiration control system

Answer 40

Central chemo-receptors in medulla oblongata | Peripheral chemo- receptors in aortic & carotid bodies

Question 41

Where is control centre for respiration

Answer 41

Inspiration area in medulla oblongata

Question 42

Effectors of respiration control system if blood pH is too acidic

Answer 42

Diaphragm | Contracts more forcefully and frequently so more CO2 is exhaled

Question 43

2 types metabolism

Answer 43

Anabolic - building up | Catabolic - breaking down

Question 44

What is ATP

Answer 44

Adenosine triphosphate | Energy currency in body

Question 45

What is cellular respiration

Answer 45

Metabolic process of energy production (ATP) within cells

Question 46

What happens to molecules during cellular respiration

Answer 46

They are metabolised (catabolised) - broken down into smaller molecules and ATP is produced.

Question 47

Which molecules are metabolised for ATP production

Answer 47

Primarily GLUCOSE | also fats/oils & proteins (amino acids)

Question 48

If there is an excess of carbs (glucose) in diet what does the body do with it

Answer 48

Insulin used to either convert to glycogen to store in liver/skeletal muscles Or insulin converts it to fat

Question 49

Good metaphor for storage/conversion of glucose

Answer 49

Packages it into filing system- takes up less space Glycogen - filing cabinet Lipids - better storage - memory stick

Question 50

Two forms of respiration & definition

Answer 50

Anaerobic 'an' without oxygen | Aerobic - with oxygen

Question 51

Oxygen availability in respiration depends on what two things

Answer 51

Breathing | Circulation to deliver oxygen to tissues

Question 52

What is the yield from anaerobic respiration

Answer 52

2 ATP + lactic acid

Question 53

What is yield from aerobic respiration

Answer 53

38 ATP + water + CO2

Question 54

How does respiratory system effect the muscular system

Answer 54

Activity depends on oxygen availability and lactic acid build up

Question 55

How does respiratory system effect nervous system

Answer 55

Smell (olfaction) | Speech (vocal cords)

Question 56

How does respiratory system effect endocrine system

Answer 56

Angiotensin converting enzyme in the lungs catalysed formation of the hormone angiotensin II from angiotensin I (Effects blood pressure)

Question 57

How does respiratory system effect cardiovascular system

Answer 57

Respiratory pump aids venous return to the heart

Question 58

How does respiratory system effect digestive system

Answer 58

Respiratory muscle contraction can aid gut motility (defacation)

Question 59

How does respiratory system effect lymphatic system

Answer 59

Respiratory pump promotes lymph flow

Question 60

How does respiratory system effect urinalysis system

Answer 60

Work together to control body ph

Question 61

How can respiratory system effect body defence

Answer 61

Humidification (prevents dehydration) Particle removal/expulsion (sneeze reflex) Mucous mucociliary escalator Immune proteins