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Respiratory System > Respiration & Breathing > Flashcards

Respiration & Breathing Flashcards

0
Q

Describe cycle of ventilation

A

Inspiration (2 secs approx)
Expiration (3 secs approx)
Pause

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1
Q

How many breaths a minute in the average cycle of ventilation

A

12-15

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2
Q

Which are the 2 main muscles in ventilation

A 
Intercostal muscles (external & internal)
Diaphragm
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3
Q

How do intercostal muscles assist in ventilation

A

When contracted pull ribs up and out increasing size of rib cage

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4
Q

Which muscles assist the diaphragm in deep breathing (other than intercostal )

A

Neck
Shoulders
Abdomen

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5
Q

Describe composition of diaphragm

A

Central tendon with radiating muscle fibres

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6
Q

Which cavities does diaphragm seperate

A

Thoracic abdominal

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7
Q

Which bones to diaphragm muscle fibres attach to

A

Lower ribs, sternum, vertebrae

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8
Q

What is role of diaphragm in inhalation/expiration

A

Contraction decreases pressure in thoracic cavity - suction causes passive inflation of lungs increases size of rib cage

Check

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9
Q

Is inspiration active

A

Yes, muscles contract

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10
Q

Inspiration - negative pressure in thoracic cavity also aids

A

Venous return to the heart

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11
Q

Is expiration passive

A

Yes, typically - muscles relax

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12
Q

Expiration occurs through muscle relaxation and what of lungs

A

Elastic recoil

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13
Q

Do lungs still contain air after expiration

A

Yes

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14
Q

What is lung volume

A

Quantity of air in lungs

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15
Q

An average pair of human lungs can hold how much air

A

6 litres

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16
Q

What does the surfactant ensure the alveoli are not

A

Sticky

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17
Q

How does living at high altitude impact red blood cell production

A

We make more

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18
Q

Which gas is required for metabolism in tissues

A

Oxygen

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19
Q

Which gas is a waste product from metabolism in tissues

A

Carbon Dioxide

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20
Q

Describe movement of O2 & CO2 in external respiration

A

O2 concentration in air higher than in blood so absorbed into blood via diffusion.
CO2 higher concentration in blood than air so moves out into air via diffusion

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21
Q

Describe movement of O2 & CO2 in internal respiration

A

O2 greater concentration in blood than tissues so absorbed into tissues via diffusion. CO2 greater concentration in tissues than air so moves out of blood into air via diffusion.

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22
Q

Typical chemical composition of inspired air

A

21% O2
0.04% CO2
78% nitrogen & rare gases
Variable water vapour

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23
Q

Chemical composition expired air

A

16% O2
4% CO2
78% nitrogen & rare gases
Saturated with water vapour

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24
Q

What happens to O2 when enters blood

A
  1. 5% transported in red blood cells as OXYHAEMOGLOBIN

1. 5% dissolved in plasma

25
Q

Good image for red blood cells & OXYHAEMOGLOBIN

A

Red blood cells - taxis
OXYHAEMOGLOBIN suitcases

Going round and round

26
Q

Is CO2 acidic?

A

Yes very

27
Q

What happens to CO2 in blood

A

70% found in plasma as HCO3 (bicarbonate)
7% dissolved in plasma
23% carried in RBCs (haemoglobin carries it back to lungs)

28
Q

What is globin

A

Protein constituent of haemoglobin & myoglobin

29
Q

Is respiration primarily voluntary or involuntary

A

Primarily involuntary

30
Q

Where are the 3 main respiratory centres that control respiration

A

Brain stem,
Medulla oblongata
Pons

31
Q

Do different tissues have a different PH

A

Yes

32
Q

If the blood pH is too low it is

A

Acidic

33
Q

If the blood pH is too high it is

A

Too alkali

34
Q

If the blood has a low ph and is acidic it has an elevated concentration of

A

Hydrogen ion

H+

35
Q

How does CO2 affect blood ph

A

When dissolves in body fluids causes
Increase in H+ ions
Increased acidity
Lowers pH

36
Q

How is lower blood pH/increased acidity managed in body

A

Buffer systems temporarily bind to H+ removing them from solution

Increased exhalation of CO2

Kidney extremism of H+

37
Q

What is chemical definition of pH

A

Concentration of Hydrogen ions in a solution

38
Q

How does CO2 react with H+

A

Acts as carrier

Either transporting or releasing it

39
Q

What is chemical equation for blood pH

A

CO2 + H2O <>H2CO3<> H+ + HCO3

40
Q

Where are receptors located for respiration control system

A

Central chemo-receptors in medulla oblongata

Peripheral chemo- receptors in aortic & carotid bodies

41
Q

Where is control centre for respiration

A

Inspiration area in medulla oblongata

42
Q

Effectors of respiration control system if blood pH is too acidic

A

Diaphragm

Contracts more forcefully and frequently so more CO2 is exhaled

43
Q

2 types metabolism

A

Anabolic - building up

Catabolic - breaking down

44
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

Energy currency in body

45
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

Metabolic process of energy production (ATP) within cells

46
Q

What happens to molecules during cellular respiration

A

They are metabolised (catabolised) - broken down into smaller molecules and ATP is produced.

47
Q

Which molecules are metabolised for ATP production

A

Primarily GLUCOSE

also fats/oils & proteins (amino acids)

48
Q

If there is an excess of carbs (glucose) in diet what does the body do with it

A

Insulin used to either convert to glycogen to store in liver/skeletal muscles
Or insulin converts it to fat

49
Q

Good metaphor for storage/conversion of glucose

A

Packages it into filing system- takes up less space
Glycogen - filing cabinet
Lipids - better storage - memory stick

50
Q

Two forms of respiration & definition

A

Anaerobic ‘an’ without oxygen

Aerobic - with oxygen

51
Q

Oxygen availability in respiration depends on what two things

A

Breathing

Circulation to deliver oxygen to tissues

52
Q

What is the yield from anaerobic respiration

A

2 ATP + lactic acid

53
Q

What is yield from aerobic respiration

A

38 ATP + water + CO2

54
Q

How does respiratory system effect the muscular system

A

Activity depends on oxygen availability and lactic acid build up

55
Q

How does respiratory system effect nervous system

A

Smell (olfaction)

Speech (vocal cords)

56
Q

How does respiratory system effect endocrine system

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme in the lungs catalysed formation of the hormone angiotensin II from angiotensin I
(Effects blood pressure)

57
Q

How does respiratory system effect cardiovascular system

A

Respiratory pump aids venous return to the heart

58
Q

How does respiratory system effect digestive system

A

Respiratory muscle contraction can aid gut motility (defacation)

59
Q

How does respiratory system effect lymphatic system

A

Respiratory pump promotes lymph flow

60
Q

How does respiratory system effect urinalysis system

A

Work together to control body ph

61
Q

How can respiratory system effect body defence

A

Humidification (prevents dehydration)
Particle removal/expulsion (sneeze reflex)
Mucous mucociliary escalator
Immune proteins

Respiratory System (3 decks)

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