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ANAPHY (DOC) > RESPIRATORY (MIDTERM) > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY (MIDTERM) Flashcards

1
Q

The only externally visible part of the respiratory system

A

NOSE

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2
Q

Air enters the nose through the ______

A

external nares (nostrils)

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3
Q

The interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a _____

A

nasal septum

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4
Q

______ are located in the mucosa on the superior surface

A

Olfactory receptors

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5
Q

The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa that:

A

• Moistens air
• Traps incoming foreign particles

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6
Q

Lateral walls have projections called _____

A

conchae

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7
Q

Lateral walls have projections called conchae that:

A

• Increases surface area
• Increases air turbulence within the
nasal cavity

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8
Q

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the ______

A

palate

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9
Q

Anterior hard palate (______)

A

bone

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10
Q

Posterior soft palate (______)

A

muscle

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11
Q

Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity (4)

A

• Frontal bone
• Ethmoid bone
• Maxillary bone
• Sphenoid bone

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12
Q

Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity

A

PARANASAL SINUSES

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13
Q

FUNCTION OF THE PARANASAL SINUSES

A

• Lighten the skull
• Act as resonance chambers for speech • Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

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14
Q

Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx

A

PHARYNX (THROAT)

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15
Q

Three regions of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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16
Q

superior region behind nasal cavity

A

NASOPHARYNX

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17
Q

middle region behind mouth

A

Oropharynx

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18
Q

inferior region attached to larynx

A

Laryngopharynx

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19
Q

The _________ and ______ are common passageways for air and food

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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20
Q

________ enter the nasopharynx

A

Auditory tubes

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21
Q

Tonsils of the pharynx (3)

A
  1. Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
  2. Palatine tonsils
  3. Lingual tonsils
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22
Q

_______ in the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

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23
Q

______ tonsils in the oropharynx

A

Palatine tonsils

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24
Q

_______ tonsils at the base of the tongue

A

Lingual

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25
Q

Routes air and food into proper channels and plays a role in speech

A

LARYNX (VOICE BOX)

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26
Q

Larynx is made of ______ rigid hyaline cartilages and a _______ of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

A

eight rigid hyaline cartilages;
spoon-shaped flap

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27
Q

STRUCTURES OF THE LARYNX

A
  1. Thyroid cartilage
  2. Epiglottis
  3. Vocal cords (vocal folds)
  4. Glottis
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28
Q

• Largest hyaline cartilage
• Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)

A

Thyroid cartilage

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29
Q

• Superior opening of the larynx
• Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea

A

Epiglottis

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30
Q

• Vibrate with expelled air to create
sound (speech)

A

Vocal cords (vocal folds)

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31
Q

opening between vocal cords

A

Glottis

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32
Q

Connects larynx with bronchi

A

TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)

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33
Q

Trachea is lined with ______

A

ciliated mucosa

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34
Q

function of ciliated mucosa:

A

• Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air
• Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs

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35
Q

Walls are reinforced with _______

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilage

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36
Q

• Formed by division of the trachea
• Enters the lung at the hilus (medial
depression)

A

PRIMARY BRONCHI

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37
Q

Right bronchus is ______, ______, and ______ than left

A

wider, shorter, and straighter

38
Q

Bronchi subdivide into _______ branches

A

smaller and smaller branches

39
Q

Occupy most of the thoracic cavity

A

LUNGS

40
Q

Apex is near the _____

A

clavicle (superior portion)

41
Q

Base rests on the ________ (inferior portion)

A

diaphragm

42
Q

Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures

A

• Left lung – two lobes
• Right lung – three lobes

43
Q

COVERINGS OF THE LUNGS

A

• Pulmonary (visceral) pleura
• Parietal pleura
• Pleural fluid

44
Q

______ pleura covers the lung surface

A

Pulmonary (visceral) pleura

45
Q

______ pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal pleura

46
Q

_______ fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding

A

Pleural fluid

47
Q

RESPIRATORY TREE DIVISIONS

A

• Primarybronchi
• Secondary bronchi
• Tertiary bronchi
• Bronchioli
• Terminal bronchiole

48
Q

• Smallest branches of the bronchi
• All but the smallest branches have reinforcing cartilage

A

BRONCHIOLES

49
Q

Terminal bronchioles end in _____

A

alveoli

50
Q

Site of gas exchange

A

RESPIRATORY ZONE

51
Q

Structures of Respiratory Zone (3)

A

• Respiratory bronchioli
• Alveolar duct
• Alveoli

52
Q

Gas exchange takes place within the ______ in the respiratory membrane

A

ALVEOLI

53
Q

Structure of alveoli

A

• Alveolar duct
• Alveolar sac
• Alveolus

54
Q

• Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity
• As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs

A

EXHALATION

55
Q

Normal pressure within the pleural space is always _______

A

negative (intrapleural pressure)

56
Q

Differences in lung and pleural space pressures keep lungs from ______

A

collapsing

57
Q

NONRESPIRATORY AIR MOVEMENTS can be caused by _____ or ______

A

reflexes or voluntary actions

58
Q

NONRESPIRATORY AIR MOVEMENTS examples:

A

• Cough and sneeze – clears lungs of
debris
• Laughing
• Crying
• Yawn
• Hiccup

59
Q

Normal breathing moves about _______ml of air with each breath (tidal volume [TV])

A

500 ml

60
Q

Many factors that affect respiratory capacity

A

• person’s size
• Sex
• Age
• Physical condition

61
Q

after exhalation, about 1200 ml of air remains in the lungs

A

Residual volume of air

62
Q

• Amount of air that can be taken in
forcibly over the tidal volume
• Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

63
Q

• Amount of air that can be forcibly
exhaled
• Approximately 1200 ml

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

64
Q

• Air remaining in lung after expiration
• About 1200 ml

A

Residual volume

65
Q

• The total amount of exchangeable air
• Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV

A

Vital capacity

66
Q

• Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli
• About 150 ml

A

Dead space volume

67
Q

• Air that actually reaches the respiratory
zone
• Usually about 350 ml

A

Functional volume

68
Q

Respiratory capacities are measured with a ______

A

spirometer

69
Q

Respiratory Sounds are monitored with a ______

A

stethoscope

70
Q

2 Types respiratory sounds

A

• Bronchial sounds
• Vesicular breathing sounds

71
Q

produced by air rushing through trachea and bronchi

A

Bronchial sounds

72
Q

Soft sounds of air filling alveoli

A

Vesicular breathing sounds

73
Q

Oxygen movement into the blood

A

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

74
Q

The alveoli always has _____ than the blood

A

more oxygen

75
Q

Oxygen moves by _____ towards the area of lower concentration

A

diffusion

76
Q

Carbon dioxide movement out of the
blood

A

• Blood returning from tissues has higher concentrations of carbon dioxide than air in the alveoli
• Pulmonary capillary blood gives up
carbon dioxide

77
Q

Blood leaving the lungs is ____ and ____

A

oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-poor

78
Q

• Inside red blood cells attached to
hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2])
• A small amount is carried dissolved in
the plasma

A

Oxygen transport in the blood

79
Q

• Most is transported in the plasma as
bicarbonate ion (HCO3–)
• A small amount is carried inside red
blood cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding sites than those of oxygen

A

Carbon dioxide transport in the blood

80
Q

Exchange of gases between blood and body cell

A

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

81
Q

An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs:

A

• Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood
• Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue

82
Q

Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by the _____ and _____ nerves

A

phrenic and intercostal nerves

83
Q

Neural centers that control rate and depth are located in the _______

A

medulla

84
Q

_______ that control rate and depth are located in the medulla

A

Neural centers

85
Q

The pons appears to smooth out ______

A

respiratory rate

86
Q

Normal respiratory rate (eupnea) is ____ respirations per minute

A

12–15 respirations per minute

87
Q

Hypernia is increased respiratory rate often due to ______

A

extra oxygen needs

88
Q

______ is increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen needs

A

Hypernia

89
Q

Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth

A

• Physical factors
• Volition (conscious control)
• Emotional factors
• Chemical factors

90
Q

• Chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages
• Response to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing

A

ASTHMA

91
Q

• over secretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system

A

Cystic fibrosis

92
Q

AGING EFFECTS

A

• Elasticity of lungs decreases
• Vital capacity decreases
• Blood oxygen levels decrease
• Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide
decreases
• More risks of respiratory tract infection

ANAPHY (DOC) (3 decks)

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