INTEGUMENTARY (2nd ppt) Flashcards
cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs
BODY MEMBRANES
Function of body membranes (3)
• LINE OR COVER BODY SURFACES
• PROTECT BODY SURFACES
• LUBRICATE BODY SURFACES
CLASSIFICATION OF BODY MEMBRANES (2)
- EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
- CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANE
KINDS OF EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
- CUTANEOUS MEMBRANES
- MUCOUS MEMBRANES
- SEROUS MEMBRANES
Types of Cutaneous Membrane
• cutaneous membrane = skin
• Superficial epidermis
• Underlying dermis
A dry membrane and the outermost protective boundary
CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE = SKIN
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
SUPERFICIAL EPIDERMIS
Mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue
UNDERLYING DERMIS
• Surface epithelium (Type depend on site)
• Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria)
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
• Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface
• Often adapted for absorption or secretion
• Wet membranes bathed in secretions
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
• Surface simple squamous epithelium
• Underlying areolar connective tissue
SEROUS MEMBRANES
• Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body
• Occur in pairs – parietal and visceral
• Serous layers separated by
serous fluid
SEROUS MEMBRANES
SPECIFIC SEROUS MEMBRANES
• Peritoneum (Abdominal cavity)
• Pleura (Around the lungs)
• Pericardium (Around the heart)
• Areolar connective tissue only
• Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
• Line small sac of connective tissue called bursae and the tube-like tendon sheaths
Synovial membrane
Skin derivatives
• Sweat glands
• Oil glands
• Hairs
• Nails
Skin Protects deeper tissues from:
• Bacterial damage
• Chemical damage
• Desiccation
• Mechanical damage
• Thermal damage
• Ultraviolet radiation
• Protective and cushioning
• Waterproof
• Aids in heat regulation
• Aids in excretion of salts, urea and uric acid
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Contains sensory receptors
SKIN STRUCTURE
• EPIDERMIS
• DERMIS
• HYPODERMIS
• outer layer
• Stratified squamous epithelium
• Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)
EPIDERMIS
Dense connective tissue
DERMIS
• Deep to dermis
• Not part of the skin
• Anchors skin to underlying organs
• Composed mostly of adipose tissue
• Serves as shock absorber and insulation for deeper tissues
HYPODERMIS
LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
• Stratum basale
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum lucidum (Occurs only in thick, hairless skin)
• Stratum corneum
• deepest layer
• Cells undergoing mitosis
• Lies next to dermis and receives nutrients from the dermis by diffusion
STRATUM BASALE
old stratum basale cells
STRATUM SPINOSUM
old stratum spinosum cells
STATUM GRANULOSUM
Occurs only in thick, hairless skin
STRATUM LUCIDUM
• Shingle-like dead cells that are 3⁄4 of the epidermal thickness
• Completely filled with keratin cells called cornified or horny cells
STRATUM CORNEUM
• Pigment produced by melanocytes
• Color is yellow to brown to black
• Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale
• Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight
MELANIN
two layers of Dermis
Papillary layer
Reticular Layer
• Projections called dermal papillae
• Pain receptors and touch receptors
• Capillary loops for nutrients
• Result in fingerprints
PAPILLARY LAYER
• Blood vessels
• Sweat and oil glands
• Nerve receptors
RETICULAR LAYER
dermis means _____
the “hide”
Both _____ and _____ are found in the dermis
collagen and elastic fibers
responsible for the toughness of the dermis and for binding water to keep
it hydrated
COLLAGEN
give skin elasticity when we are young but lessens as we age along with collagen
ELASTIC FIBERS
Normal Skin Color Determinants
MELANIN
CAROTENE
HEMOGLOBIN
REDNESS OR ERYTHEMA
PALLOR OR BLANCHING
JAUDICE OR YELLOWCAST
BRUISES OR BLACK AND BLUE MARKS
• amount and kind
• Yellow, brown or black pigments
MELANIN
Orange-yellow pigment from some
vegetables
CAROTENE
• Red coloring from blood cells in dermis capillaries
• Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
HEMOGLOBIN
blushing
REDNESS OR ERYTHEMA
pale from fear or anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow
PALLOR OR BLANCHING
liver disorder where excess bile pigments are absorbed in
the blood
JAUNDICE OR YELLOW CAST
where blood has escaped from vessels and clotted in the tissue spaces – called hematomas
BRUISES OR BLACK AND BLUE MARKS
Arise from the epidermis and play a role in maintaining homeostasis of the body
APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN
• Release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts
• Sebaceous glands and sweat glands
CUTANEOUS GLAND - exocrine gland
APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN
CUTANEOUS GLAND
SEBACEOUS GLAND
SWEAT GALNDS — SUDORIFERIOUS
• Produce oil - sebum
• Lubricant for skin
• Kills bacteria
• Prevents hair from becoming brittle
• Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles • Glands are activated at puberty
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
Widely distributed in skin
SWEAT GLANDS — SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
2 types of sweat glands
ECCRINE
APOCRINE
Open via duct to pore on skin surface
ECCRINE
Ducts empty into hair follicles
APOCRINE
COMPOSITION OF SWEAT
• Mostly water with some salts and vitamin C
• Some metabolic waste and lactic acid
• Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only), which may have a milky or yellowish color
FUNCTION OF SWEAT
• Helps dissipate excess heat – eccrine only
• Excretes waste products
• Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
from associated bacteria living off
proteins and fats
ODOR
• Produced by hair bulb matrix
• Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells
• Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
HAIR
• Serves a few minor protective functions
• Used to serve as insulation and still does in some animals
• Produced by a hair follicle – flexible epithelial structure
• Part of the hair enclosed in the follicle is the root
• Part projecting from the surface of the scalp is the shaft
HAIR
Central core of hair
MEDULLA
surrounds medulla
CORTEX
_____ on outside of cortex formed from a single layer of cells that overlap like shingles on a roof to keep hairs separated
CUTICLE
• Most heavily keratinized to provide strength
• Worn more at tips to cause split
ends
CUTICLE
Dermal (provides blood vessels) and epidermal sheath surround hair root
HAIR FOLLICLE
Smooth muscle cause the hair
to stand up – goose bumps
ARRECTOR PILLI
ASSOCIATED HAIR STRUCTURES
HAIR FOLLICLE
ARRECTOR PILLI
SEBACEOUS (oil) GLAND
SWEAT GLAND
Three parts of nails
• Free edge
• Body
• Root of nail
proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body – often called cuticle
EPONYCHIUM
• Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
• Heavily keratinized
• Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed
• The thickened proximal area called the nail matrix is responsible for nail growth
• Lack of pigment makes them colorless
• Appear pink due to blood vessels underneath
• White crescent – lunula – thickened nail matrix
NAILS
• Only epidermis is damaged
• Skin is red and swollen
• Partial-thickness burn that heals quickly
FIRST-DEGREE BURNS
• Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
• Skin is red with blisters
• Partial-thickness burn that heals w/o scar
SECOND DEGREE BURNS
• Destroys entire skin layer
• Burn is gray-white or black
• Nerve endings destroyed so not painful
• Full-thickness burn that does not heal and grafting is necessary
THIRD DEGREE BURNS
• Extend through the skin to injure muscle, ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and bones
•These burns always require medical treatment
FOURTH-DEGREE BURNS
abnormal cell mass
CANCER
most common type of cancer
SKIN CANCER
• Least malignant
• Most common type
• Arises from stratum basale that no longer makes keratin and stays in place
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
• Arises from stratum spinosum
• Metastasizes to lymph nodes
• Early removal allows a good chance of cure
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
• Most deadly of skin cancers
• Cancer of melanocytes
• Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
• Detection uses ABCD rule
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
ABCD RULE
• A=Asymmetry (Two sides of pigmented mole do not match)
• B = Border irregularity (Borders of mole are not smooth)
• C = Color (Different colors in pigmented area)
• D = Diameter (Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter)
Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
BURNS
