BLOOD Flashcards
The only fluid tissue in the human body
BLOOD
blood is classified as a connective tissue. The
Living cells = _____ &
Non-living matrix = ______
Living cells = formed elements ;
Non-living matrix = plasma
pH must remain between ______
7.35–7.45
dull red blood indicates ______
oxygen-poor blood
Blood temperature is _____ than body temperature
slightly higher
scarlet red blood indicates ______
oxygen-rich blood
______ is Composed of approximately 90 percent water
BLOOD PLASMA
Blood plasma includes many dissolved substances such as:
o Nutrients
o Salts (metal ions)
o Respiratory gases
o Hormones
o Proteins
o Waste products
PLASMA PROTEINS (3)
- Albumin
- Clotting proteins
- Antibodies
a plasma protein that help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
clotting proteins
a plasma protein that regulates osmotic pressure
albumin
a plasma protein that help protect the body from
antigens
antibodies
Erythrocytes = ______
red blood cells
Leukocytes = ______
white blood cells
Platelets = __________
cell fragments
ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS) main function is ______
to carry oxygen
Iron-containing protein that binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
hemoglobin
Each hemoglobin molecule has _____ oxygen binding sites
four
Each erythrocyte has _____ hemoglobin molecules
250 million
These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles and is crucial in the body’s defense against disease
LEUKOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)
move into and out of blood vessels refers to ______
diapedesis
_______ respond to chemicals released by
damaged tissues
LEUKOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)
Normal levels of leukocyte are between _____ and _____
cells per millimeter
4,000 and 11,000
cells per millimeter
Abnormal leukocyte levels
are either called:
Leukocytosis and Leukopenia
Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained. This Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Granulocytes
It refers to abnormally low leukocyte level and commonly caused by certain drugs
Leukopenia
Refers to leukocytes level is above 11,000 leukocytes/ml. It Generally indicates an infection
Leukocytosis
Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
Neutrophils
Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
Eosinophils
Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
Neutrophils
Found in repsonse to allergies and
parasitic worms
Eosinophils
Have histamine-containing granules AND Initiate inflammation
Basophils
Lack visible cytoplasmic granules. It Include lymphocytes and monocytes
Agranulocytes
Nucleus fills most of the cell
Lymphocytes
Play an important role in the immune response
Lymphocytes
Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells
(megakaryocytes)
PLATELETS
→ Largest of the white blood cells
→ Function as macrophages
→ Important in fighting chronic infection
Monocytes
Normal platelet count = _______/mm3
300,000/mm3
Needed for the clotting process
PLATELETS
A blood cell formation that occurs in red bone marrow
HEMATOPOIESIS
All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell called _______
hemocytoblast
In Lymphoid, stem cell produces _______; In Myeloid stem cell produces ______
Lymphoid: lymphocytes; Myeloid: other formed element
ERYTHROCYTES Wear out in ____ to ___ days
100 to 120 days
FATE OF ERYTHROCYTES
is ______ to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
Unable
Erythrocytes when worn out, are eliminated by ______ in the spleen or liver
phagocytes
Rate is controlled by a hormone _______
erythropoietin
Kidneys produce most _________ as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the
blood
erythropoietin
Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a
response to _________
reduced oxygen levels in the
blood
Homeostasis is maintained by ______ from blood oxygen levels
negative feedback
Hemostasis involves three phases
o Platelet plug formation
o Vascular spasms
o Coagulation
______ are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
Collagen fibers
______ causes blood vessel muscles to spasm
Serotonin
It is the Stoppage of blood flow that result of a break in a blood vessel
HEMOSTASIS
_______ release serotonin
Anchored platelets
Anchored platelets release _______
serotonin
Platelets pile up to form a ________
platelet plug
_____ narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
Spasms
______ interacts with
thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
PF3 (a phospholipid)
Injured tissues release __________
thromboplastin
_______ converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
Prothrombin activator
______ joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like fibrin
Thrombin
_____ forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
Fibrin
Blood usually clots within ___ to ___ minutes
3 to 6 minutes
The clot is broken down after _______
tissue repair
A thrombus that breaks away and floats
freely in the bloodstream
Embolus
The clot remains as _____
endothelium regenerates
Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
Embolus
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel. It Can be deadly in areas like the heart
Thrombus
It refers to Platelet deficiency. Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
Thrombocytopenia
It refers to Hereditary bleeding disorder where in normal clotting factors are missing
Hemophilia
Loss of ____ percent of blood causes shock, which can be fatal
over 30 percent
Loss of _____ percent of blood causes weakness
15 to 30 percent
_____ are the only way to replace blood quickly
Transfusions
foreign protein refers to _____
antigen
Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will
cause blood with certain proteins to clump
agglutination
The most vigorous transfusion reactions are
caused by ___ and ___ blood group antigens
ABO and Rh
blood groups are based on the presence or absence of two antigens:
Type A & Type B
The lack of antigens A and B is called _____
type O
The presence of either A or B is called ________
type A for Antigen A;
type B for Antigen B
The presence of both A and B is called _____
type AB
Problems can occur in mixing ____ blood
into a body with ____ blood
Rh+ with Rh–
presence or absence
of one of eight Rh antigens
agglutinogen D
testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa
Cross matching
The ____ and ______ are early sites of blood cell formation
fetal liver and spleen
_______ takes over hematopoiesis by
the seventh month
Bone marrow
