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Respiratory Block > Respiratory Mechanics Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory Mechanics Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three muscle classifications of respiration?

A

Major inspiration muscles, accessory muscles of inspiration and muscles of active expiration.

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2
Q

What are the major inspiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

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3
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

They are the thernocleidomastoid, scalenus, pectoral. It contracts only during forceful inspiration.

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4
Q

What are the muscles of active expiration?

A

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles. It contracts only during active expiration.

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5
Q

What device is used to measure long volumes and capacities?

A

A spinometer.

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6
Q

What does tidal volume (TV mean?

A

Volume of air entering or leaving lungs during a single breath

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7
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume meaning?

A

Extra volume of aire that can be maximally inspired over and above the typical resting tidal volume.

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8
Q

Expiratory reserve volume meaning?

A

Extra volume of air that can be actively expired by maximal contraction beyond the normal volume of air after a resting tidal volume.

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9
Q

Residual volume meaning?

A

Minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration .

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10
Q

Inspiratory capacity meaning?

A

maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal quite expiration.
IC=IRV+TV

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11
Q

Functional residual capacity meaning?

A

Volume of air in lungs at end of normal passive expiration.

FRC=ERV+RV

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12
Q

Vital capacity meaning?

A

Maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration.
VC=IRV+TV+ERV

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13
Q

Total Lung Capacity meaning?

A

Total volume of air the lungs can hold.

TLC=VC+RV

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14
Q

Why can’t residual volume be measured by spirometry?

A

This is because a spirometry can only detect the volume of air that is taken in and out of the lungs. Since the sesidual volume doesn’t leave the lungs then it can’t be measured.

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15
Q

What else can’t be measured because the residual volume can’t be measured?

A

The total lung capacity - cause it needs to know the residual volume.

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16
Q

What causes residual volume to increase?

A

When the elastic recoil of the lungs is lost. E.g emphysema.

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17
Q

What does volume time curve allow you to determine?

A
  1. Forced vital capacity
  2. Forced expiratory volume in one second.

This can then allow you to find the FEV1/FVC ratio.

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18
Q

What is FVC?

A

The maximum volume that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs following a maximum inspiration.

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19
Q

What is the FEV1/FVC ratio?

A

This is the proportion of the forced vital capacity that can be expired in the first second.

20
Q

What is dynamic lung volumes useful in?

A

The diagnosis of obstructive and restrictive lung disease.

21
Q

What is the normal FEV1/FVC ratio?

A

More than 70%

22
Q

What does it mean if a patient has a FEV1/FVC ratio of lower than 70%?

A

They have obstructive lung disease.

23
Q

Obstructive airways needs to have what scores for FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC

A

Low/normal, low and low

24
Q

Lung restriction needs to have what scores for FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC

A

Low, Low, normal?

25
Q

Obstructive airways with lung restriction needs to have what scores for FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC

A

low, low, low

26
Q

What is the air resistance equation?

A

Flow=total pressure/resistance

27
Q

What is the resistant in the airflow normally?

A

Very low so air moves with a small pressure gradient.

28
Q

What is the primary determinant of airway resistance?

A

The radius of the conducting airway.

29
Q

What diseases can cause significant resistance to airflow?

A

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) or asthma. Expiration in these causes are more difficult than inspiration.

30
Q

Why does expiration is more difficult than inspiration with who have an obstructive airway?

A

This is because the intrapleural pressure falls during inspiration but raises during expiration.

This means that

31
Q

What is the dynamic airway compression?

A

The rising pleural pressure during active expiration compresses the alveoli (pushes air out) and airways (tends to compress it - not good).

32
Q

What is the benefit of the dynamic airway compression to normal people?

A

The increased airway resistance cause an increase in airway pressure upstream. This helps open the airways by increasing the driving pressure between the alveolus and airways.

33
Q

What is the problem with dynamic airway compression during active expiration in patients with airway obstruction?

A

The driving pressure between the alveolus and airway is lost over the obstructed segment. This causes a fall in airway pressure along the airway downstream resulting in airway compression.

34
Q

What are diseased airways likely to do?

A

Collapse

35
Q

How can the problem of obstruction become worse?

A

If the patient also has a decreased elastic recoil of lungs.

36
Q

What does a peak flow meter do?

A

gives an estimates of the peak flow rate which assesses the airway function.

37
Q

What type of diseases is the peak flow meter useful for?

A

Obstructive lung disease.

38
Q

What is pulmonary compliance?

A

It is the measure of effort that has to go into stretching or distending the lungs.

39
Q

The less compliant the lungs are…..?

A

The more work is required to produce a given degree of inflation.

40
Q

Pulmonary compliance is decreased by what?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary oedema, lung collapse, pneumonia, absence of surfactant.

41
Q

What does decreased pulmonary compliance mean?

A

The greater change in pressure in is needed to produce a given change in volume.

42
Q

What can a decrease pulmonary compliance cause?

A

A restrictive pattern of lung volumes in spirometry.

43
Q

How can compliance be increased?

A

By the loss of elastic recoil of the lungs.

44
Q

increased compliance occurs in what?

A

Emphysema

45
Q

compliance also increases with…?

A

Age

Respiratory Block (12 decks)

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