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physio fall midterm > respiratory lecture 1 > Flashcards

respiratory lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system (7)

A
  1. provide O2
  2. eliminate CO2
  3. regulate blood pH
  4. facilitate speech
  5. provide microbial defense
  6. activate and inactivate chemical messengers in blood
  7. defense against blood clots
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2
Q

which is the most critical function of the resp. system

A

providing O2 (delivers O2 to cells in a multi-step process)

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3
Q

CO2 is a _____ _____ product

A

acidic waste

CO2+H2O –> H2CO3 –> HCO3(-)+H(+)

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4
Q

what affects amount of CO2 in plasma

A

ventilation rate

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5
Q

what is the first line of defense in the resp. system

A

the larynx –> false vocal cords are mechanoreceptors and trigger cough when certain things enter system

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6
Q

by what means does the resp. system provide microbial defense (3)

A
  1. epithelial secretions: trap particles –> ciliated cells help move mucous w/ infectious agents in it out of resp system
  2. lymphoid tissue in tract –> clusters of lymphocytes disable pathogens
  3. coughing/sneezing reflexes –> skeletal m. contraction helps expel things
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7
Q

what chemical conversion in the blood is the resp system responsible for

A

angiotensin I –> angiotensin II

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8
Q

what are the 3 components of the respiratory system

A
  1. lungs
  2. airways
  3. mechanical aids (skeletal m. varies volume of thoracic cavity)
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9
Q

what happens in the lungs

A

site of gas exchange between air and blood

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10
Q

what are the 3 zones/regions of the airways

A
  1. upper airway
  2. conducting zone
  3. respiratory zone
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11
Q

True or False: the upper airway structures are inside the thoracic cavity

A

False! structures are mouth/nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> top of trachea

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12
Q

True or False: the conducting zone is in the thoracic cavity but no gas exchange occurs

A

True! just moving air

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13
Q

what are the structures/what is the pathway of the conducting zone

A

trachea -> primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles

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14
Q

the trachea and bronchioles have what 2 thigns

A
  1. cartilaginous rings (hold bronchioles open)

2. mucous glands

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15
Q

True or False: as the bronchioles go on, they gain cartilage and glands but lose smooth muscle

A

False! they LOSE cartilage and glands but ADD smooth m.

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16
Q

True or False: the terminal bronchioles only have smooth m. only, no cartilaginous rings and glands

A

True!

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17
Q

does gas exchange occur in the respiratory zone

A

yes

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18
Q

what are the structures/pathway of the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sac

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19
Q

how are respiratory bronchioles different from terminal bornchioles

A

their walls are thin enough to allow gas exchange

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20
Q

is branching important for the respiratory function

A

yes

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21
Q

how does branching help airflow

A

branching increases cross sectional area which decreases resistance to airflow

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22
Q

in which zone is air warmed and moistened

A

the conducting zone

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23
Q

how does the conducting zone protect against microbes?

A

it has goblet cells that secrete mucus and trap airborne particles and pathogens; cilia on the epithelial cells move the mucus upwards to pharynx so it can be swallowed or expelled (“mucus traps it, cilia expels it”)

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24
Q

how does smoking affect cilia?

A

damages them and reduces their activity -> must cough to clear respiratory passages

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25
Q

_____ is a disease that impairs the normal function of the conducting zone

A

Cystic fibrosis

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26
Q

what is the mechanism for how cystic fibrosis works?

A

mutation in genetic code for Cl- channel -> reduces amount of Na+ and Cl- secreted across epithelium into mucus -> less water in mucus -> mucus is thick and dry

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27
Q

what are 2 consequences of abnormal mucus

A
  1. trachea can’t move mucus so clogged

2. mucus still traps infectious agents

28
Q

what is the main function of the respiratory zone

A

gas exchange

29
Q

_______ regulate airflow

A

bronchiolar smooth muscle

30
Q

what is bronchiolar smooth muscle responsive to

A

autonomic nervous system: causes either dilation or constriction

31
Q

what are the alveoli well-suited for

A

optimizing gas exchange

32
Q

what qualities of the alveoli make them well-suited for gas exchange

A
  1. high surface area
  2. highly vascularized
  3. respiratory surface very thin (gases don’t have to pass across a lot of layers)
  4. low rate of bloodflow provides time for exhange -> O2 in, CO2 out
33
Q

microbial defense is provided by what

A

pulmonary macrophages

34
Q

what 3 types of cells are in the alveoli

A
  1. Type I: epithelial, gas exchange surface
  2. Type II: secrete surfactant -> doesn’t allow gas exchange easily but keeps lung from sticking together
  3. Macrophages: immune cells
35
Q

_____ of alveoli and pulmonary capillaries is important for _____

A

thinness; gas exchange

36
Q

describe respiratory gases

A

small, non-polar (not charged) molecules that diffuse down a conc. gradient; diffuse easily through plasma membranes, less easily through body fluids

37
Q

O2 and CO2 diffuse at different rates due to what

A

different solubilities

38
Q

what is CO2’s and O2’s solubility respectively

A

77mmol/L; 2.2mmol/L -> CO2 much more soluble than O2

39
Q

what is the sequence of layers O2 must cross to cross respiratory surface

A

air in alveolus -> apical membrane of Type I cell -> through cytoplasm -> basal membrane of Type I cell -> basal lamina and underlying CT -> basal membrane of endothelial cell -> through cytoplasm -> apical membrane of epithelial cell -> in plasma

40
Q

how must O2 diffuse/move to leave blood in systemic capillaries and be delivered to mitochondria in tissues

A

in reverse

41
Q

lungs are enclosed in the

A

thoracic cage

42
Q

the thoracic cage has what 2 types of elements

A

skeletal and muscular

43
Q

what are the layers of the pleural sac

A
  1. parietal (outer) pleura

2. visceral (inner) pleura

44
Q

what does the parietal pleura adhere to

A

the underside of the thoracic wall and the top of the diaphragm

45
Q

what does the visceral pleura cover

A

the outer surface of the lung

46
Q

what are 3 characteristics of the intrapleural fluid

A
  1. fills sacs
  2. lubricates surfaces
  3. subject to pressure changes when thoracic cage expands/contracts
47
Q

airflow is a function of what

A

the pressure gradient and resistance to flow within teh airways

48
Q

what equation relates force pressure and resistance

A

F = (change in pressure)/resistance

*change in pressure = Palv-Patm

49
Q

what happens if Palv

A

air flows INTO lungs aka inspiration

50
Q

what happens if Palv > Patm

A

air flows out of lung aka expiration

51
Q

alveolar pressure (Palv) changes in response to _______ according to _______

A

changing the volume of the lungs; Boyle’s Law

*P1V1 = P2V2

52
Q

important to remember that lungs are capable of what

A

stretching and recoiling (her exact words)

53
Q

what 3 pressures relate to ventilation

A
  1. alveolar (Palv): air pressure in alveoli
  2. intrapleural (Pip): pressure in the fluid in the intrapleural space
  3. transpulmonary (Ptp = Palv - Pip)
54
Q

changing the volume of the _______ and _______ cavities will change Palv, Pip and Ptp

A

thoracic; pleural

55
Q

describe the skeletal muscle activity during inspiration

A
  1. diaphragm contracts -> lowers floor of cavity -> increases volume
  2. external intercostals contract -> raise ribcage -> increase volume
56
Q

describe the skeletal muscle activity during expiration

A
  1. diaphragm relaxes -> raises floor of cavity -> reduces volume
  2. external intercostals relax -> lower ribcage -> reduces volume
57
Q

True or False: between breaths, Palv = Patm

A

True, remember Patm is always 0 so Palv is 0 between breaths (bc no air is moving)

58
Q

True or False: between breaths, Pip is above atmospheric pressure

A

False; it is BELOW Patm

59
Q

between breaths, what is Ptp equal to

A

Palv - Pip

60
Q

between breaths, because the lungs tend to recoil inward and the chest wall tends to recoil outward, Pip is always ______

A

subatmospheric

61
Q

during inspiration, Pip becomes more _______ which means Ptp _______

A

negative; increases

62
Q

during inspiration, Ptp increases so lung volume increases and air flows in until _______

A

Palv = P atm

63
Q

during inspiration, Pip becomes _______

A

less negative

64
Q

during expiration, Pip becomes _______ negative

A

less

65
Q

during expiration, Ptp _______ so lung volume _______ and air flows out until Palv = Patm

A

decreases; decreases

66
Q

a pneumothorax occurs when

A

the pleural sac is punctured

67
Q

True or False: in a pneumothorax, different pressures no longer exist so lung will collapse and chest wall will expand

A

True -> increase intrapleural pressure to 0 and no pressure is left to hold lung open

physio fall midterm (12 decks)

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