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physio fall midterm > endocrinology lecture 5 > Flashcards

endocrinology lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the non-endocrine factors that regulate growth

A
  1. genetics

2. nutrition

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2
Q

what does disease do to tissues

A

damages tissues and activated HPA axis (hypothlamus, pituitary, adrenal)

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3
Q

what are the 3 hormones of the growth axis

A

GHRH (hypothalamus), GH (ant. pituitary), IGF-1 (liver)

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4
Q

IGF-1 is most necessary for what kind of growth

A

fetal growth (GH becomes important later in development)

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5
Q

how does thyroid hormone affect GH

A

TH is required for:

  1. GH synthesis (bc decreased TH causes stunted growth)
  2. GH effects (bc TH regulates metabolism, or ATP production, that GH uses to build tissue)
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6
Q

effect of glucocorticoids on growth

A

glucocorticoids inhibit GHRH secretion from the hypothalamus

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7
Q

what is the effect of insulin on growth

A

insulin opposes GH and IGF-1 (insulin stores glc and GH/IGF-1 liberates glc for use)

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8
Q

effect of GH on bone growth

A

since bone growth consists of cartilage placed first (and then replaced by bone to grow), GH:

  1. causes chondroblasts to be converted to condrocytes (chondroblast maturation)
  2. increases IGF-1 receptors in chondrocytes so IGF can stimulate cell replication and therefore growth
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9
Q

effect of E2 on bone growth

A

E2 causes the epiphyseal plates to ossify at puberty

bc E2 stimulates osteoblast activity (causing an increase in the rate at which cartilage–> bone)

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10
Q

why are men taller?

A

although males and females have the same change in height, females start puberty earlier and therefore start out smaller.

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11
Q

what are the 2 hypothalamic hormones that regulate growth

A
  1. GHRH

2. Somatostatin

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12
Q

GH is a ______

A

mitogen (stimulates cell division)

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13
Q

what does GH do in somatic tissue (muscle/bone) that is independent of IGF-1

A

increase protein synthesis

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14
Q

princible effect of GH

A

stimulate the secretion of IGF-1 from liver and other tissues

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15
Q

IGF-1 and GH inhibit

A

GH (short loop) and GHRH (long loop)

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16
Q

IGF-1 and GH stimulate

A

SS (from ant pituitary)

17
Q

GHRH is elevated during

A

sleep…grow when you sleep! (diurnal/cicadian pattern)

18
Q

SS is elevated during

A

day (diurnal/cicadian pattern)

19
Q

in summary, what are the 3 major effects of GH

A
  1. promotes growth (via IGF-1)
  2. protein synthesis (in bone and muscle)
  3. anti-insulin (create higher blood glc levels)
20
Q

deficits of IGF-1 and GH lead to

A

reduced growth as a result of genetic mutations or malnutrition

21
Q

are there known defects of IGF-1 synthesis and IGF-receptors?

A

no

22
Q

what is the effect of malnutrition on growth

A

malnutrition impairs IGF-1 synthesis INDEPENDENT of GH

23
Q

how is GH production affected

A

age. GH is highest during adolescence and lowest during adulthood (don’t grow much as an adult)

24
Q

sex steroid (E2 and P) regulate growth by….

A
  1. stimulating GH and IGF-1 synthesis
  2. cause pre-pubertal bone growth spurt
  3. ultimately cause fusion of epiphyseal plates which then inhibits growth (contrasting effect)
25
Q

excess GH production causes

A
  1. acromegaly

2. gigantism

26
Q

acromegaly and gigantism (due to excess GH) are typically caused by what

A

a pituitary tumor (where GH is secreted from)

27
Q

Gigantism is a result of what

A

pre-pubertal excess GH

28
Q

acromegaly is a result of what

A

post-pubertal excess GH

29
Q

effects of excess GH

A
  • diabetic like (bc increase circulating blood glc)

- macroglossia, increased teeth spacing, big salivary glands, excess cementum

30
Q

GH insufficiency causes what

A

reduced growth…treated with exogenous GH

31
Q

dwarfism is a result of what

A

GH insensitivity due to absence of GH receptor

32
Q

dwarfism is treated with

A

exogenous IGF-1

33
Q

symptoms of dwarfism

A

…i mean you would probably know if you had it but you may also be obese. you wouldn’t have diabetes or cancer though!

34
Q

what is achondroplasia

A

reduced growth dues to constant activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor. bc FGF normally inhibits bone growth. so constant activation results in impaired development of cartilage

35
Q

effects of too little GH/GH insufficiency

A
  • delayed tooth shedding/replacement
  • decreased saliva
  • increase P.D and caries
36
Q

diabetes is fatal when

A

leads to ketoacidosis

37
Q

symptoms of diabetes

A
  1. dehydration (and therefore reduced saliva)
  2. increased urine
  3. acidosis
  4. decreased immune (bc increased cortisol)
  5. stress (increased cortisol)

physio fall midterm (12 decks)

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