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physio fall midterm > cardiovascular lecture 1 > Flashcards

cardiovascular lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the composition of blood

A

formed elements (cells and fragments) and plasma

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2
Q

what percent of blood is plasma

A

55%

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3
Q

what percent of blood are erythrocytes

A

45%

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4
Q

what is the hematocrit

A

% of the blood volume that is composed of RBCs

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5
Q

what is microcirculation

A

arterioles, capillaries, and venules

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6
Q

what level of b.v does the exchange of molecules and nutrients occur

A

capillaries and interstitial fluid

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7
Q

what allows people’s bodies to respond to a variety of circumstances

A

the dynamic adjustment of blood delivery

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8
Q

how is blood delivery dynamically changed

A

via resistance. vasoconstriction/vasodilation

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9
Q

why can 2 places with different absolute pressure have the same flow?

A

they can have the same local pressure distance and same resistance!

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10
Q

what is the most important component in changing resistance

A

changes in vessel radii. (blood viscosity is a minor factor)

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11
Q

what are the main differences b/w cardiac and skeletal muscle

A
  • the cardiac cells are branched

- cardiac cells are connected via intercalated discs that contain gap ins within

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12
Q

every cardiac cell contracts with every heart beat because of _______

A

gap ins which electrically couple cardiac cells

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13
Q

parasympathetic cardiac innervation is via what nerve

A

the vagus nerve

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14
Q

psymp innervation to the heart uses what neurotransmitter and what receptor

A

acetylcholine and a muscarinic receptor

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15
Q

what part of the heart does psymp innervate

A

the atria (NOT THE VENTRICLE)

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16
Q

sympathetic cardiac innervation is via what nerve

A

thoracic spinal nerves

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17
Q

sympathetic innervation of the heart uses what n.t

A

norepinephrine

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18
Q

what is the sympathetic HORMONE used in the “innervation” of the heart

A

epinephrine

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19
Q

what receptor does the sympathetic system use for innervation of the heart

A

beta adrenergic receptors

20
Q

what part of the heart does the symp innervate

A

atria and ventricles

21
Q

atria and ventricles are electrically isolated via the _______

A

valves

22
Q

through what do the atria and ventricles “talk”

A

the AV node

23
Q

what is the order of the electrical stimulations of the heart

A

SA node—> AV node—->bundle of His—>R&L bundle branches—> purkinje fibers

24
Q

when the electrical signal gets to the AV node, the signal _____ to allow the atria to contract and ventricles to fill with blood

A

slows

25
Q

once the electrical signal gets to the bundle of his the signal ______ to allow for the propelling of blood from the ventricle

A

goes fast

26
Q

what is the significance of the SA node

A

it is the heart’s pacemaker. initiates each wave of excitation via atrial contraction

27
Q

what does the P wave symbolize

A

atrial depolarization

28
Q

what does the QRS complex symbolize

A

ventricular depolarization

29
Q

what does the T wave symbolize

A

ventricular repolarization

30
Q

what is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase for ventricular myocardial cells

A

the opening and then rapid opening (when more depolarized) of VOLTAGE GATED Na channels. the permeability to Na has increased due to their opening.

31
Q

what is responsible for the plateau phase of the ventricular myocardial cells

A
  1. slow-prolonged opening of the VOLTAGE GATED Ca channels

2. the closure of the K channels

32
Q

what is responsible for the repolarization phase for ventricular myocardial cells

A

the opening of K channels

33
Q

do ventricular myocardial cells have a resting membrane potential

A

yes.

34
Q

what is responsible for the slow depolarization (threshold graded) phase of the nodal cells of the heart

A
  1. F channels of Na (allowing the leaking in of Na into the cell)
  2. and Ca moving in through channels
35
Q

what is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase of the nodal cells of the heart

A

rapid opening of VOLTAGE GATED Ca channels

36
Q

what is responsible for the repolarization phase of the nodal cells of the heart

A
  1. reopening of K channels (allowing K out of the cell)

2. closing of Ca channels

37
Q

what is the pacemaker potential

A

the slow depolarization phase of nodal cells that is caused by the F channels (for Na)

38
Q

do nodal cells have a resting membrane potential

A

no, they have a pacemaker potential

39
Q

do purkinje cells have a resting potential or a pacemaker potential

A

pacemaker. they have F channels. this is so they can spontaneously depolarize (at a slower rate) in case something happens to the AV node and the atria and ventricles can no longer communicate….a default pathway so that they heart will still pump!

40
Q

what part of an ekg corresponds to the rapid depolarization phase of a ventricular myocardial cell

A

the QRS complex

41
Q

what part of an ekg corresponds to the repolarization phase of a ventricular myocardial cell

A

the T wave

42
Q

what is a 3rd degree block

A

when the AV node isn’t working and the atria and ventricle cannot communicate…they work separately. the QRS complex (ventricular depolarization/contraction) comes from the purkinje fibers and the bundle branches

43
Q

what is excitation contraction coupling

A

how the a.ps in the cardiac muscle are linked to a contraction

44
Q

what is the mechanism for excitation contraction coupling

A
  1. depolarization of the membrane
  2. opening of Ca channels in the t-tubules
  3. Ca into the cytosol
  4. Ca binding to the S.R
  5. Ca released from the S.R into the cytosol
  6. Ca contraction
45
Q

what is Ca induced Ca release

A

“trigger Ca” that binds to the S.R stimulates Ca to be released from the S.R and for more Ca to flow into the cytosol for contraction

46
Q

what is the purpose (2) of the plateau phase in cardiac muscle

A
  1. allows Ca to come into the cell for contraction coupling
  2. and allows for a LONG REFRACTORY PERIOD…for the ventricles to fill with blood, aka diastole (don’t want the ventricles to be able to contract before they completely fill)

physio fall midterm (12 decks)

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