Respiratory infections Flashcards by Kayla Halliwell

What are the types of URTIs?

Rhinitis
Tonsillitis
Laryngitis
Epiglottitis
Croup

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What are the common bacterial causes of URTIs?

Strep. pyogenes
Strep. pneumoniae
Staph. aureus
Haemophilus influenzae
Group A strep
Moraxella catarrhalis

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What are the common viral causes of LRTIs?

Rhinovirus
Adenovirus
Influenza
Respiratory syncytial virus
EBV
Coronavirus
Para flu I

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What are the features of rhinitis?

Runny nose
Sneezing

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What are the features of tonsillitis?

Sore throat
Swollen tonsils
Difficult swallowing
Loss of voice

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What is the treatment of tonsillitis?

Treat strep throat with 10 days penicillin
Don’t give amoxicillin

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What are the features of laryngitis?

Hoarse voice
Dry cough

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What are the features of epiglottitis?

Hib infection
Rare and toxic
Stridor, drooling

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What is the treatment of epiglottitis?

Intubation and antibiotics

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What are the features of croup?

Laryngotracheobronchitis
Caused by para’flu I
Stridor, hoarse voice, barking cough

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What is the treatment of croup?

Oral dexamethasone

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What are the features of otitis media?

Fever, sore ear
Primary viral infection

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What are the types of LRTIS?

Acute bronchitis
Tracheitis
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiectasis
Empyema
Pertussis
Pneumonia

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What are the features of acute bronchitis?

Increased mucus in large airways
Disturbed muco-ciliary clearance
Loos rattily cough
No treatment

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What is the treatment of bronchitis?

No treatment

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What are the features of tracheitis

Croup which doesn’t get better
Fever, cough, SoB

What is the treatment of tracheitis?

Augmentin

What are the features of bronchiolitis?

<2 years
Nasal stuffiness, tachypnoea, poor feeding, cough
Crackles/ wheeze on auscultation
RSV

What is the treatment of bronchiolitis?

No antibiotics

What are the features of bronchiectasis?

Permanent dilatation of airways due to irreversible damage to bronchial wall causing accumulation of mucus and bacteria
Cough, breathlessness, haemoptysis
Finger clubbing, crepitations, wheeze

What are the features of empyema?

Pus in pleural cavoty

What is the treatment of empyema?

Antibiotics and drainage

What are the features of pertussis?

Highly contagious bacterial infection
Whooping cough, vomiting, colour change

What are the features of pneumonia?

Inflammation brings water into the lungs making it harder to breathe
Can result in consolidation of cellular exudate in the alveoli

What is the anatomical classification of pneumonia?

Bronchopneumonia Lobar pneumonia Interstitial pneumonia Segmental pneumonia Hypostatic pneumonia

What are the signs of pneumonia?

Focal signs: - Tachycardia - Tachypnoea - Dull percussion - Bronchial breathing - Crepitations - Reduced chest expansion - increased vocal resonance - Pyrexia

What is the severity scoring for pneumonia?

CURB 65

What does CURB 65 stand for?

Confusion Urea>7mmol RR>30/min BP (systolic<90) (diastolic<60) 65> age

What is the treatment for a CURB-65 score of 0-1?

Amoxicillin 5 days Clarithromycin if penicillin allergy

What is the treatment for a CURB-65 score of 2?

Amoxicillin + clarithromycin 5-7 days Levofloxacin if penicillin allergy

What is the treatment for a CURB-65 score of 3-5?

Co-amoxiclav + clarithromycin 7-10 days Levofloxacin if penicillin allergy

What causes tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

What is tuberculosis primary infection?

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction forms caseating granulomas

What are caseating granulomas?

Macrophages, dead tissue and bacteria in the centre TH cells and Langerhans in the periphery Tissue in the centre dies due to caseating necrosis

What is tuberculosis post-primary infection?

Reactivation of latent mycobacterium OR Reinfection from an outside source

What is miliary tuberculosis?

Spreads to other parts of the body through the blood stream

What is the treatment of tuberculosis?

RIPE regimen 4 drugs for 2 months or 2 drugs for 4 months

What drugs are in the RIPE regimen?

Rifampicin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol