Respiratory: General Information

Question 1

bioavailability:

Answer 1

the extent a substance or drug becomes completely available to its intended biological destination

Question 2

Plasma protein binding:

Answer 2

refers to the degree to which medications attach to proteins within the blood. A drug’s efficiency may be affected by the degree to which it binds. The less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can traverse cell membranes or diffuse.

Question 3

Types of Respiratory Drugs:

Bronchodilators: B2RAs:

Pharmacotherapeutics:
Patient Education:

What should be taught about the administration of
inhaled medications using an MDI?

What is recommended to be used to assist in the administration of inhaled medications using an MDI?

What are some types of spacer devices that are recommended to be used to assist in the administration of inhaled medications using an MDI?

What does the use of a spacer device do to the medication to ensure better administration?

Why is it important to ensure proper understanding of how to administer inhaled medications using an MDI?

What methods should be used to teach a patient how to administer inhaled medications using an MDI?

What learning tools should be utilized when teaching a patient how to administer inhaled medications using an MDI?

When should teaching of how to administer inhaled medications using an MDI occur?

Steps to using an MDI properly:

If two puffs of an MDI are prescribed how long should the patient wait between inhalations?

Where can instructions for all types of MDI delivery systems be found?

What are the most common spacers called?

What does the Aerochamber look like?

What does the Aerochamber include to help users administer inhaled medications using an MDI?

What population is the InspirEase geared towards?

What does the InspirEase look like?

What does the InspirEase include to help users administer inhaled medications using an MDI?

What occurs when using the Aerochamber or InspirEase if the patient is taking too rapid a breath?

Why does the Aerochamber or InspirEase whistle when the patient is taking too rapid a breath?

Who should provide education to a client on how to use a nebulizer?

Do nebulizer instructions vary with the manufacturer?

What keys points should be covered with nebulizer education?

What is available if patients have difficulty measuring medication for nebulizer?

What is the drawback of unit-dose packaging for nebulizer?

What should be taught about the administration of
inhaled medications using an MDI?

What is recommended to be used to assist in the administration of inhaled medications using an MDI?

What are some types of spacer devices that are recommended to be used to assist in the administration of inhaled medications using an MDI?

What does the use of a spacer device do to the medication to ensure better administration?

Why is it important to ensure proper understanding of how to administer inhaled medications using an MDI?

What methods should be used to teach a patient how to administer inhaled medications using an MDI?

What learning tools should be utilized when teaching a patient how to administer inhaled medications using an MDI?

When should teaching of how to administer inhaled medications using an MDI occur?

Steps to using an MDI properly:

If two puffs of an MDI are prescribed how long should the patient wait between inhalations?

Where can instructions for all types of MDI delivery systems be found?

What are the most common spacers called?

What does the Aerochamber look like?

What does the Aerochamber include to help users administer inhaled medications using an MDI?

What population is the InspirEase geared towards?

What does the InspirEase look like?

What does the InspirEase include to help users administer inhaled medications using an MDI?

What occurs when using the Aerochamber or InspirEase if the patient is taking too rapid a breath?

Why does the Aerochamber or InspirEase whistle when the patient is taking too rapid a breath?

Who should provide education to a client on how to use a nebulizer?

Do nebulizer instructions vary with the manufacturer?

What keys points should be covered with nebulizer education?

What is available if patients have difficulty measuring medication for nebulizer?

What is the drawback of unit-dose packaging for nebulizer?

Answer 3

How to coordinate the release of the medication from the inhaler with a deep breath.

A spacer device

1. Aerochamber
2. InspirEase

Increase deposition of medication into the lungs, rather than just in the mouth.

1. Written
2. Pictorial
3. Visual
4. Demonstration
5. Instruction in box
6. Placebo inhaler
7. Before use
8. Repeat at follow up
9. Exhale
10. Tilt head slightly back
11. Place the inhaler
    mouthpiece 2 in from mouth or between lips
12. While inhaling press down on the canister
13. Breathe in slow and deep
14. Hold breath for 10 sec or longer

1 min

The Global Initiative for Asthma Web site

1. Aerochamber
2. InspirEase

Tube-like device

Pictures drawn on the outside of the proper technique

1. Younger children
2. Older adults

A bag that deflates/inflates

Gives a visual cue of the bag deflating to help in
taking a deep-enough breath

A whistling sound

To indicate to the patient to breath slower

1. Clinic
2. Home health agency

Slightly

1. Accurate medication measurement
2. Cleaning

Unit-dose packaging

More expensive

Question 4

What to know about each drug

Answer 4

1. Basic Understanding
2. Examples:
3. Pharmacodynamics
4. Pharmacokinetics: absorption and distribution
5. Pharmacokinetics: metabolism and excretion
6. Pharmacotherapeutics: precautions and contraindications,
7. Pharmacotherapeutics: adverse drug reactions
8. Pharmacotherapeutics: rational drug selection
9. Pharmacotherapeutics: monitoring
10. Pharmacotherapeutics: Patient Education

Question 5

What are Pharmacodynamics?

Answer 5

Mechanism of Action

Question 6

What are Pharmacokinetics?

Answer 6

Metabolism

Question 7

What are the different types of names for drugs?

Answer 7

1. International Nonproprietary Name (INN)

2. Brand Name

Question 8

What is another name for INN?

Answer 8

Generic name

Question 9

What is another name for Brand Name?

Answer 9

Trade name

Question 10

Types of Respiratory Drugs

Answer 10

1. Bronchodilators
2. Respiratory Inhalants
3. Allergy Medications
4. Cough & Cold Medications
5. Asthma & Treatment for Asthma
6. Special Situations

Question 11

Types of Respiratory Drugs:

Bronchodilators

Answer 11

1. Beta2-Receptor Agonists (B2RAs)
2. Anticholinergics
3. Leukotriene Modifiers

Question 12

Types of Respiratory Drugs:

Respiratory Inhalants

Answer 12

1. Corticosteroids
2. Inhaled Anti-Inflammatory Agents
3. Inhaled Antihistamines
4. Oxygen

Question 13

Types of Respiratory Drugs:

Allergy Medications

Answer 13

1. Antihistamines -1st generation

1. Antihistamines - 2nd generation

Question 14

Types of Respiratory Drugs:

Cough & Cold Medications

Answer 14

1. Decongestants
2. Antitussives
3. Expectorants

Question 15

Types of Respiratory Drugs:

Asthma & Treatment for Asthma

Answer 15

1. Classification
2. Step Therapy
3. Client Variable

Question 16

Types of Respiratory Drugs:

Special Situations

Answer 16

1. Seasonal Asthma

2. Exercise Induced Bronchospasm

Question 17

Pregnancy Categoreis

Answer 17

Category A
Adequate and well-controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters).

Category B
Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.

Category C
Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

Category D
There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

Category X
Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.

Question 18

What does a high binding affinity mean?

Answer 18

In general, high-affinity ligand binding results from greater attractive forces between the ligand and its receptor while low-affinity ligand binding involves less attractive force. … A ligand that can bind to and alter the function of the receptor that triggers a physiological response is called a receptor agonist.

Question 19

What does half life of drug mean?

Answer 19

Biological half-life of a biological substance such as medication is the time it takes from its maximum concentration (Cmax) to half maximum concentration

The half-life of a drug is the time it takes for the amount of it in your body to be reduced by half. This depends on how the body processes and gets rid of the drug, and can vary from a few hours to a few days.

Half-life (t1/2) is defined as the amount of time required for the drug concentration measured in plasma (or other biological matrices) to be reduced to exactly half of its starting concentration or amount. After IV dosing, the drug concentrations in plasma decline due to both elimination and distribution

Question 20

Area Under Curve

How do you find the area under a curve in pharmacokinetics?

What does area under curve mean in pharmacokinetics?

Answer 20

In the field of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) is the definite integral of a curve that describes the variation of a drug concentration in blood plasma as a function of time.

The area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC) reflects the actual body exposure to drug after administration of a dose of the drug and is expressed in mg*h/L. This area under the curve is dependant on the rate of elimination of the drug from the body and the dose administered.